Int J Stomatol ›› 2024, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (5): 519-531.doi: 10.7518/gjkq.2024040

• Oral mucosal disease • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Research progress of the diagnosis and treatment of viral stomatitis in children

Sixin Jiang(),Wenjin Shi,Xiaobo Luo,Qianming Chen()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Dept. of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
  • Received:2023-08-08 Revised:2023-12-27 Online:2024-09-01 Published:2024-09-14
  • Contact: Qianming Chen E-mail:jiangsixin1407@163.com;qmchen@scu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(82272899);Key Research Program of Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Agency(2023YFS0127);CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-I2M-5-004)

Abstract:

Viral infection is a common disease with a heavy disease burden. Some viral infections are prone to appear or initiate in the oral mucosa, and severe symptoms in other parts of the body may occur without timely treatment. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of viral stomatitis is significant for reducing the risk of suffering from systemic symptoms. Children are a special group of patients with viral stomatitis, and the manifestations of oral virus infection are diverse. The diagnosis of viral stomatitis in children is based on the clinical manifestations, medical history, and auxiliary examination. Its treatment is mainly based on systemic or local antiviral therapy, supplemented by symptomatic and supportive treatment. Varied treatment approaches are suggested for different types of viral stomatitis. Children are in a pe-riod of rapid growth and development with an incomplete immune system, and the drug metabolism capacity of children is distinct from that of adults. Therefore, the treatment strategy between children and adults significantly differs. Cultivating proper hygiene practices is of utmost importance for the prevention of viral stomatitis in children. Certain types of viral stomatitis can be prevented by vaccination. This article reviews the prevalence, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment progress of common and rare types of viral stomatitis in children.

Key words: children, viral stomatitis, diagnosis, treatment

CLC Number: 

  • R781.5

TrendMD: 

Fig 1

Oral lesions of primary herpetic stomatitis"

Fig 2

Oral and skin lesions of hand-foot-mouth disease"

Tab 1

Clinical manifestations and signs of various types of common viral stomatitis"

疾病

名称

病原微生物流行病学特点全身症状口腔黏膜病损特点皮损特点并发症
原发性疱疹性口炎HSV,以HSV-1型为主6岁以下儿童多发,尤以6月~2岁龄居多发热症状在前驱期即出现,大部分患儿可持续4 d体温≥38 ℃,可伴有颈部淋巴结肿大;进食困难,包括拒食、拒饮、流涎等好发部位:口腔黏膜任何部位,以角化良好部位居多,如牙龈、硬腭;小水疱呈簇状排列分布,壁薄、透明,易破溃,可覆有假膜,疼痛明显;全口大部牙龈红肿;具有自限性可出现口周皮损,好发于唇、颊、颏部,可作为区别手足口病、疱疹性咽峡炎等的临床表现之一脱水、继发性菌血症、中枢神经系统功能障碍
手足口病CV和EV,以CV-A16型和EV-71型为主中国发病率为134.59/ 100 000,多发于学龄前儿童;夏秋季节好发;水疱期传染性强;可在幼儿园等场所出现暴发性流行发热,可伴有流涕、咳嗽等症状;食欲不振好发部位:仅限于硬腭、颊黏膜、舌、唇内侧及牙龈等处,极少累及扁桃体;主要表现为散在分布的红斑、小水疱及水疱破溃形成的糜烂,可覆有黄色假膜;一般可自愈,预后良好多发于手掌、足底,臀部亦可发生,典型表现为斑丘疹、疱疹等,周围可见红晕,不疼不痒,脱落后不形成瘢痕神经系统并发症,主要由EV-71型引起,如脑膜脑炎、脑干脑炎、神经源性肺水肿等
疱疹性咽峡炎CV,以CV-A4型为主主要侵袭儿童;夏秋季节多发;传染性强急性发病,伴发热、咽痛、肌肉疼痛和头痛;可出现咳嗽、呕吐、厌食等症状好发部位:仅限于口腔后份;起初为咽部充血,后发展为咽峡部灰白色疱疹,周围伴红晕,可破溃形成浅溃疡无皮损脑炎、急性麻痹性迟缓、无菌性脑膜炎、心肌炎
水痘VZV常见于儿童及青少年发热,可伴有疲劳、厌食等症状好发部位:任何部位均可受损;直径为3~4 mm的小水疱,周围有红晕,可连成片状,易破溃形成溃疡,表面可覆有假膜;一般可自愈以皮肤损害为主,皮损呈向心性,表现为红色斑丘疹,红斑区可长有水疱,结痂后较少遗留瘢痕肺炎、脑炎、急性脊髓炎等

Fig 3

Oral lesions of HPV infection"

1 Msemburi W, Karlinsky A, Knutson V, et al. The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic[J]. Nature, 2023, 613(7942): 130-137.
2 Bardellini E, Amadori F, Veneri F, et al. Adolescents and primary herpetic gingivostomatitis: an Italian overview[J]. Ir J Med Sci, 2022, 191(2): 801-805.
3 dos Santos Pinheiro R, de França TRT, de Carvalho Ferreira D, et al. Human papillomavirus in the oral cavity of children[J]. J Oral Pathol Med, 2011, 40(2): 121-126.
4 Araújo JF, Oliveira AEF, Carvalho HLCC, et al. Most common oral manifestations in pediatric patients HIV positive and the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy[J]. Cien Saude Colet, 2018, 23(1): 115-122.
5 朱丽丽, 朱晓寒, 江潞, 等. 儿童常见口腔黏膜病药物治疗浅析[J]. 临床口腔医学杂志, 2012, 28(2):100-103.
Zhu LL, Zhu XH, Jiang L, et al. Analysis of drug therapy for common oral mucosal diseases in children[J]. J Clin Stomatol, 2012, 28(2): 100-103.
6 Long SS, Pool TE, Vodzak J, et al. Herpes simplex virus infection in young infants during 2 decades of empiric acyclovir therapy[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2011, 30(7): 556-561.
7 Shah J, Sijun L, Hui Z, et al. Neurological complications of hand, foot and mouth disease in children: a review[J]. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 2020, 32(4): 562-569.
8 Shouval DS, Bilavsky E, Avitzur Y, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia complicating herpes simplex virus type 1 stomatitis: case report and review of the literature[J]. J Periodontol, 2008, 79(2): 376-378.
9 Huang CW, Hsieh CH, Lin MR, et al. Clinical features of gingivostomatitis due to primary infection of herpes simplex virus in children[J]. BMC Infect Dis, 2020, 20: 782.
10 Amir J. Clinical aspects and antiviral therapy in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis[J]. Paediatr Drugs, 2001, 3(8): 593-597.
11 Amir J, Harel L, Smetana Z, et al. The natural history of primary herpes simplex type 1 gingivostomatitis in children[J]. Pediatr Dermatol, 1999, 16(4): 259-263.
12 张静, 李秀惠, 李丽, 等. 手足口病病原学和流行病学研究进展[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2022, 43(5): 771-783.
Zhang J, Li XH, Li L, et al. Etiology and epidemio-logy of hand, foot and mouth disease in China[J]. Chin J Epidemiol, 2022, 43(5): 771-783.
13 Cui Y, Yang YN, Zheng RR, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease clusters during 2016-2020 in Beijing, China[J]. J Med Virol, 2022, 94(10): 4934-4943.
14 Guo JN, Cao ZJ, Liu HY, et al. Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease and the genetic cha-racteristics of coxsackievirus A16 in Taiyuan, Shan-xi, China from 2010 to 2021[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2022, 12: 1040414.
15 Zhu PY, Ji WQ, Li D, et al. Current status of hand-foot-and-mouth disease[J]. J Biomed Sci, 2023, 30: 15.
16 Long LL, Xu L, Xiao ZH, et al. Neurological complications and risk factors of cardiopulmonary fai-lure of EV-A71-related hand, foot and mouth disease[J]. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 23444.
17 Gonzalez G, Carr MJ, Kobayashi M, et al. Enterovirus-associated hand-foot and mouth disease and neurological complications in Japan and the rest of the world[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2019, 20(20): 5201.
18 牛伟红, 杨丽萍, 秦明月, 等. 150例疱疹性咽峡炎临床资料总结及分析[J].中国医药导刊, 2014, 16(4): 661-662.
Niu WH, Yang LP, Qin MY, et al. Summary and analysis of the clinical data of 150 cases of herpangina[J]. Chin J Med Guide, 2014, 16(4): 661-662.
19 陈纯. 疱疹性咽峡炎的临床和流行病学特征[J]. 国际流行病学传染病学杂志, 2016, 43(4): 270-273.
Chen C. Clinical and epidemiological features of herpangina[J]. Inter J Epidemiol Infect Dis, 2016, 43(4): 270-273.
20 Kolokotronis A, Louloudiadis K, Fotiou G, et al. Oral manifestations of infections due to varicella zoster virus in otherwise healthy children[J]. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2001, 25(2): 107-112.
21 邓慧玲, 蒋荣猛, 李兴旺, 等. 手足口病的鉴别诊断[J]. 中国临床医生杂志, 2018, 46(7): 760-763.
Deng HL, Jiang RM, Li XW, et al. Differential diagnosis of hand, foot and mouth disease[J]. Chin J Clin, 2018, 46(7): 760-763.
22 陈晓云, 李侗曾, 马列清. 儿童水痘急性脊髓炎的临床分析[J].北京医学, 2020, 42(6): 563-565.
Chen XY, Li TZ, Ma LQ. Clinical analysis of acute myelitis of varicella in children[J]. Beijing Med J, 2020, 42(6): 563-565.
23 Syrjänen S, Rintala M, Sarkola M, et al. Oral human papillomavirus infection in children during the first 6 years of life, Finland[J]. Emerg Infect Dis, 2021, 27(3): 759-766.
24 Summersgill KF, Smith EM, Levy BT, et al. Human papillomavirus in the oral cavities of children and adolescents[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontol, 2001, 91(1): 62-69.
25 Betz SJ. HPV-related papillary lesions of the oral mucosa: a review[J]. Head Neck Pathol, 2019, 13(1): 80-90.
26 Omland T, Akre H, Lie KA, et al. Risk factors for aggressive recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in adults and juveniles[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(11): e11-3584.
27 Mammas IN, Sourvinos G, Spandidos DA. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in children and a-dolescents[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2009, 168(3): 267-273.
28 Oyedeji OA, Gbolahan OO, Abe EO, et al. Oral and dental lesions in HIV infected Nigerian children[J]. Pan Afr Med J, 2015, 20: 287.
29 Rafat Z, Sasani E, Salimi Y, et al. The prevalence, etiological agents, clinical features, treatment, and diagnosis of HIV-associated oral candidiasis in pe-diatrics across the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Front Pediatr, 2021, 9: 805527.
30 Ranganathan K, Geethalakshmi E, Krishna Mohan Rao U, et al. Orofacial and systemic manifestations in 212 paediatric HIV patients from Chennai, South India[J]. Int J Paediatr Dent, 2010, 20(4): 276-282.
31 Nabbanja J, Gitta S, Peterson S, et al. Orofacial manifestations in HIV positive children attending Mildmay Clinic in Uganda[J]. Odontology, 2013, 101(1): 116-120.
32 Expósito-Delgado AJ, Vallejo-Bolaños E, Martos-Cobo EG. Oral manifestations of HIV infection in infants: a review article[J]. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal, 2004, 9(5): 415-420, 410-415.
33 Aškinytė D, Matulionytė R, Rimkevičius A. Oral manifestations of HIV disease: a review[J]. Stomatologija, 2015, 17(1): 21-28.
34 Dias EP, Israel MS, Silva Junior A, et al. Prevalence of oral hairy leukoplakia in 120 pediatric patients infected with HIV-1[J]. Braz Oral Res, 2006, 20(2): 103-107.
35 Lauritano D, Moreo G, Oberti L, et al. Oral manifestations in HIV-positive children: a systematic review[J]. Pathogens, 2020, 9(2): 88.
36 Patton LL. Progress in understanding oral health and HIV/AIDS[J]. Oral Dis, 2014, 20(3): 223-225.
37 Mulder R, Mohamed N, Mathiba O. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children attending the pediatric infectious diseases clinic in Cape Town[J]. Clin Exp Dent Res, 2022, 8(1): 160-168.
38 Sales-Peres SH, Mapengo MA, de Moura-Grec PG, et al. Oral manifestations in HIV+children in Mozambique[J]. Cien Saude Colet, 2012, 17(1): 55-60.
39 Brandini DA, Takamiya AS, Thakkar P, et al. Covid-19 and oral diseases: crosstalk, synergy or association[J]. Rev Med Virol, 2021, 31(6): e2226.
40 Bodnia NC, Katzenstein TL. Acute loss of smell and taste among patients with symptoms compatible with COVID-19[J]. Dan Med J, 2020, 67(9): A052-00370.
41 Iranmanesh B, Khalili M, Amiri R, et al. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: a review article[J]. Dermatol Ther, 2021, 34(1): e14578.
42 Bardellini E, Bondioni MP, Amadori F, et al. Non-specific oral and cutaneous manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 in children[J]. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal, 2021, 26(5): e549-e553.
43 Halepas S, Lee KC, Myers A, et al. Oral manifestations of COVID-2019-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a review of 47 pedia-tric patients[J]. J Am Dent Assoc, 2021, 152(3): 202-208.
44 Holbrook WP, Gudmundsson GT, Ragnarsson KT. Herpetic gingivostomatitis in otherwise healthy adolescents and young adults[J]. Acta Odontol Scand, 2001, 59(3): 113-115.
45 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会. 手足口病诊疗指南(2018年版)[J]. 中华临床感染病杂志, 2018, 11(3): 161-166.
National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Diagnosis and treatment guideline on hand, foot and mouth disease (version 2018)[J]. Chin J Clin Infect Dis, 2018, 11(3): 161-166.
46 中华医学会儿科学分会感染学组, 国家感染性疾病医疗质量控制中心. 疱疹性咽峡炎诊断及治疗专家共识(2019年版)[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2019, 57(3): 177-180.
The Subspecialty Group of Infectious Diseases, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association; National Center for Quality Control of Infectious Diseases. Expert consensus of diagnosis and treatment of herpangina (version 2019)[J]. Chin J Pediatr, 2019, 57(3): 177-180.
47 中华医学会皮肤性病学分会, 中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会, 中国康复医学会皮肤性病委员会. 中国尖锐湿疣临床诊疗指南(2021完整版)[J]. 中国皮肤性病学杂志, 2021, 35(4): 359-374.
Chinese Society of Dermatology and Venereology, China Dermatologist Association, Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Dermatology and Venereology. Guideline for the clinical management of anogenital warts in China (2021 edition)[J]. Chin J Dermatovenereol, 2021, 35(4): 359-374.
48 中华医学会感染病学分会艾滋病丙型肝炎学组,中国疾病预防控制中心.中国艾滋病诊疗指南(2021年版)[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2022, 13(2): 203-226.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Hepatitis C Professional Group,Society of Infectious Di-seases, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (2021 edition) [J]. Med J Peking Union Med Coll Hosp, 2022, 13(2): 203-226.
49 国家卫生健康委员会办公厅, 国家中医药管理局办公室. 新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第九版)[J]. 中国病毒病杂志, 2022, 12(3): 161-169.
National Health Commission, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (trial 9th version) [J]. Chin J Viral Dis, 2022, 12(3): 161-169.
50 Amir J, Harel L, Smetana Z, et al. Treatment of herpes simplex gingivostomatitis with aciclovir in children: a randomised double blind placebo controlled study[J]. BMJ, 1997, 314(7097): 1800.
51 James SH, Whitley RJ. Treatment of herpes simplex virus infections in pediatric patients: current status and future needs[J]. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2010, 88(5): 720-724.
52 陈周焕, 南小思, 王唯希, 等. 口炎清颗粒联合阿昔洛韦治疗婴幼儿疱疹性龈口炎的疗效研究分析[J]. 中外医疗, 2014, 33(36): 108-109.
Chen ZH, Nan XS, Wang WX, et al. Observation of the curative effect of Kouyanqing granule combined with acyclovir in the treatment of infantile herpetic stomatitis[J]. China Foreign Med Treat, 2014, 33(36): 108-109.
53 张梦葩, 高菲, 董潇, 等. 盐酸伐昔洛韦颗粒剂联合口腔炎喷雾剂治疗儿童疱疹性口炎的疗效及安全性分析[J]. 实用临床医药杂志, 2020, 24(12): 107-110.
Zhang MP, Gao F, Dong X, et al. Efficacy and safety of valaciclovir hydrochloride granules combined with stomatitis spray in the treatment of children with herpetic stomatitis[J]. J Clin Med Pract, 2020, 24(12): 107-110.
54 Vellappally S, Mahmoud MH, Alaqeel SM, et al. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy versus antiviral therapy in the treatment of herpetic gingivostomatitis among children: a randomized controlled clinical trial[J]. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2022, 39: 102895.
55 Navarro R, Marquezan M, Ferraz Cerqueira D, et al. Low-level-laser therapy as an alternative treatment for primary herpes simplex infection: a case report[J]. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2007, 31(4): 225-228.
56 Huang XY, Zhang X, Wang F, et al. Clinical efficacy of therapy with recombinant human interferon α1b in hand, foot, and mouth disease with enterovirus 71 infection[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(2): e0148907.
57 Ye YZ, Dou YL, Hao JH, et al. Efficacy and safety of interferon α-2b spray for herpangina in children: a randomized, controlled trial[J]. Int J Infect Dis, 2021, 107: 62-68.
58 潘家华, 杨泽玉, 潘家严, 等. 重组人干扰素α2b口咽部喷雾治疗疱疹性咽峡炎的有效性和安全性多中心随机对照研究[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2020, 35(4): 279-284.
Pan JH, Yang ZY, Pan JY, et al. A prospective multicenter randomized controlled study on the efficacy and safety of pharyngeal spraying recombinant human interferon alpha 2b in the treatment of children with herpangina[J]. Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr, 2020, 35(4): 279-284.
59 姚婷新, 廖亦男, 谷芬, 等. 重组人干扰素α-2b喷雾剂治疗疱疹性咽峡炎患儿疗效观察[J]. 中国中西医结合儿科学, 2017, 9(5): 427-429.
Yao TX, Liao YN, Gu F, et al. Clinical effect of recombinant human interferon α-2b spray on herpangina in children[J]. Chin Pediatr Integr Tradit West Med, 2017, 9(5): 427-429.
60 He LY, Zhang GL, Yan SY, et al. A double-blind comparative study of Chinese herbal medicine Jinlianqingre Effervescent Tablets in combination with conventional therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated hand, foot, and mouth disease[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2014, 33(8): 1429-1437.
61 武建婷, 常城, 胡思源, 等. 金莲清热泡腾片治疗儿童手足口病(普通型)疗效评价的Meta分析[J]. 河南中医, 2017, 37(9): 1588-1591.
Wu JT, Chang C, Hu SY, et al. Meta analysis of the efficacy of Jinlian Qingre effervescent tablets in the treatment of pediatric hand-foot-and-mouth disease (ordinary type)[J]. Henan Trad Chin Med, 2017, 37(9): 1588-1591.
62 史宁, 郭宏举, 王欢, 等. 金莲清热泡腾片治疗小儿手足口病的Meta分析[J]. 解放军药学学报, 2017, 33(1): 102-105.
Shi N, Guo HJ, Wang H, et al. A Meta-analysis of effect of Jinlianqingre effervescent tablets on infantile hand-foot-mouth disease[J]. Pharm J Chin PLA, 2017, 33(1): 102-105.
63 李丽, 马瑜, 付强强. 连花清瘟颗粒联合抗病毒药物治疗儿童手足口病效果的系统评价[J]. 中国妇幼保健, 2021, 36(24): 5847-5851.
Li L, Ma Y, Fu QQ. A systematic review of the efficacy of Lianhua Qingwen granules combined with antiviral drugs in the treatment of hand, foot and mouth disease in children[J]. Matern Child Health Care China, 2021, 36(24): 5847-5851.
64 尹霞, 江多范, 刘喜. 莲花清瘟颗粒联合重组人干扰素α-2b注射液治疗小儿疱疹性咽峡炎的疗效观察[J]. 临床和实验医学杂志, 2022, 21(13): 1426-1430.
Yin X, Jiang DF, Liu X. Efficacy of Lianhua Qing-wen Granule combined with recombinant human interferon α-2b injection in the treatment of herpetic angina in children[J]. J Clini Exp Med, 2022, 21(13): 1426-1430.
65 Cohen J, Breuer J. Chickenpox: treatment[J]. BMJ Clin Evid, 2015, 2015: 0912.
66 Gershon AA, Gershon MD. Pathogenesis and current approaches to control of varicella-zoster virus infections[J]. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2013, 26(4): 728-743.
67 崔平. 银翘解毒汤联合阿昔洛韦治疗儿童水痘临床观察[J]. 实用中医药杂志, 2020, 36(9): 1162-1163.
Cui P. Clinical observation of Yinqiao Jiedu Decoction combined with acyclovir in treatment of varicella in children[J]. J Pract Trad Chin Med, 2020, 36(9): 1162-1163.
68 王铃琰. 盐酸伐昔洛韦颗粒联合双黄连口服液治疗儿童水痘86例临床疗效观察[J]. 中国临床新医学, 2018, 11(3): 276-279.
Wang LY. Clinical effect of valacyclovir hydrochloride granules combined with Shuanghuanglian oral solution on varicella in 86 cases of children[J]. Chin J New Clin Med, 2018, 11(3): 276-279.
69 郭江, 李玲. 局部外用干扰素治疗儿童水痘临床观察[J]. 四川医学, 2007, 28(11): 1293-1294.
Guo J, Li L. Clinical observation on the treatment of varicella in children with topical interferon[J]. Si-chuan Med J, 2007, 28(11): 1293-1294.
70 杨新利, 申艺坤, 贾庆岭, 等. 重组人干扰素α-2b喷雾剂在治疗儿童水痘中作用的研究[J]. 生物医学工程与临床, 2017, 21(6): 640-642.
Yang XL, Shen YK, Jia QL, et al. Effect of recombinant human interferon alpha-2b spray for varicella in children[J]. BME Clin Med, 2017, 21(6): 640-642.
71 张云杰, 邹先彪, 曲莉, 等. 5-氨基酮戊酸光动力疗法治疗口腔内尖锐湿疣疗效评价[J]. 中国临床医生, 2014, 42(1): 39-41.
Zhang YJ, Zou XB, Qu L, et al. Analysis of the efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for oral condyloma acuminatum[J]. Chin J Clin, 2014, 42(1): 39-41.
72 徐延春, 徐立. 微波治疗口腔尖锐湿疣16例疗效观察[J]. 中国皮肤性病学杂志, 2005, 19(1): 57-58.
Xu YC, Xu L. Clinical observation of 16 cases of oral condyloma acuminatum treated by microwave[J]. Chin J Derm Venereol, 2005, 19(1): 57-58.
73 何园, 林梅, 赵曼, 等. 尖锐湿疣的口腔表征及治疗措施[J]. 临床口腔医学杂志, 2002, 18(4): 316-317.
He Y, Lin M, Zhao M, et al. Oral characterization and treatment of condyloma acuminatum[J]. J Clin Stomatol, 2002, 18(4): 316-317.
74 Allen AL, Siegfried EC. The natural history of condyloma in children[J]. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1998, 39(6): 951-955.
75 Pienaar ED, Young T, Holmes H. Interventions for the prevention and management of oropharyngeal candidiasis associated with HIV infection in adults and children[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2010(11): CD003940.
76 姜之炎, 王雪峰, 张靖延, 等. 中医儿科临床诊疗指南 · 小儿口疮(修订)[J]. 中医儿科杂志, 2018, 14(4): 1-5.
Jiang ZY, Wang XF, Zhang JY, et al. Guideline for TCM pediatrics clinical diagnosis and treatment-infantile oral ulcer (amendment)[J]. J Pediat TCM, 2018, 14(4): 1-5.
77 汪受传, 王雷, 尚莉丽. 中医儿科临床诊疗指南·手足口病(修订)[J]. 世界中医药, 2016, 11(4): 734-740.
Wang SC, Wang L, Shang LL. Guideline for TCM pediatrics clinical diagnosis and treatment-hand, foot and mouth disease (amendment)[J]. World Chin Med, 2016, 11(4): 734-740.
78 Duan XX, Zhang CY, Wang X, et al. Molecular epidemiology and clinical features of hand, foot and mouth disease requiring hospitalization after the use of enterovirus A71 inactivated vaccine in Chengdu, China, 2017-2022: a descriptive study[J]. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2022, 11(1): 2510-2519.
79 胡倩倩, 张倩, 李媛秋, 等. 2020年中国1-14岁儿童水痘减毒活疫苗接种率调查[J]. 中国疫苗和免疫, 2022, 28(2): 169-173, 178.
Hu QQ, Zhang Q, Li YQ, et al. Varicella vaccine coverage levels among 1-14-year-old children in China in 2020: a cross-sectional survey[J]. Chin J Vacc Immun, 2022, 28(2): 169-173, 178.
80 汪受传, 贺丽丽, 孙丽平. 中医儿科临床诊疗指南·水痘(修订)[J]. 中医儿科杂志, 2016, 12(1): 1-6.
Wang SC, He LL, Sun LP. Guideline for clinical diagnosis and treatment of pediatrics of traditional Chinese medicine-varicella (Amendment)[J]. J Pediat TCM, 2016, 12(1): 1-6.
81 Olawuyi AB, Orenuga OO, Oluwo A, et al. Recurrent oral squamous papilloma in a pediatric patient: case report and review of the literature[J]. Niger J Clin Pract, 2018, 21(12): 1674.
82 谢小花, 李慧, 姚慧, 等. 2015—2019年广西壮族自治区预防艾滋病母婴传播效果及影响因素分析[J]. 中国健康教育, 2022, 38(7): 593-598.
Xie XH, Li H, Yao H, et al. Effects and its risk factors of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of AIDS in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from 2015 to 2019[J]. Chin J Health Educ, 2022, 38(7): 593-598.
[1] Changchang Ye,Shu Meng,Xiaoli Wang,Ping Huang. Treatment and precautions for oral diseases during lactation [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2024, 51(5): 513-518.
[2] Xuemin Yao,Hua Wang,Lu Wang,Bin Zhao. Factors influencing the bonding effect of oral translucent zirconia ceramics [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2024, 51(4): 450-455.
[3] Jiaojiao Li,Jun Liu. Research progress on early fixed orthodontic treatment of traumatic teeth [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2024, 51(4): 498-504.
[4] San Chen,Runze Yang,Jiayuan Wu. Research progress on the role of exosomes derived from lipopolysaccharides and hypoxic preconditioning in the repair and regeneration of tissues [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2024, 51(3): 256-264.
[5] Dongna Li, Haoyan Zhai, Chunyan Liu. Research progress on combined orthodontic-periodontal treatment [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2024, 51(3): 326-336.
[6] Hong He, Li Ji. Discussion of an innovating orthodontic technique: a spherical bracket, lock-hook and light force treatment system [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2024, 51(2): 125-136.
[7] Yu Zhang,Zhiyu Jia,Huifang Tang,Zhiyong Zhang,Wenjing Li,Songbo Tian. Diagnosis and treatment progress and clinical characteristics of immunoglobulin G4-related sialadenitis [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2024, 51(2): 193-200.
[8] Yuhong Ma,Lei Zhao. Process and progress in the clinical research of minimally invasive non-operative periodontal therapy technology [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2024, 51(2): 227-232.
[9] Wang Nannan,He Hong,Hua Fang. Research progress on the risk factors of orthodontically induced enamel demineralization [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2024, 51(1): 91-98.
[10] Han Chong,He Dongning,Yu Feiyan,Wu Dongchao. Research progress on the mechanism and treatment of pain after oral implants [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2024, 51(1): 99-106.
[11] Wu Li’an. Application of partial crown reattachment in complicated crown-root fractures of permanent anterior teeth in children [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2023, 50(6): 623-631.
[12] Sun Xu,Deng Zhennan,Wen Cai,Zhao Ying. Implant surface micromorphological changes after Er: YAG laser irradiation observed under scanning electron microscope [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2023, 50(6): 669-673.
[13] Huang Yuanhong,Peng Xian,Zhou Xuedong.. Progress in research into the effect of Rhizoma Drynariae on the treatment of bone-related diseases in the oral cavity [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2023, 50(6): 679-685.
[14] Liu Yang,Yin Deqiang. Introducing a novel digital articulation workflow with high precision [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2023, 50(5): 499-505.
[15] Li Yijun, Xu Ziang, Li Yi.. Research progress on the sentinel lymph nodes in the detection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [J]. Int J Stomatol, 2023, 50(5): 521-527.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
[1] . [J]. Foreign Med Sci: Stomatol, 2004, 31(06): 452 -454 .
[2] Xiong Hang, Xie Zhigang, Bao Jibo. Basic properties of the demineralization of dentin matrix and preparation[J]. Inter J Stomatol, 2016, 43(1): 90 .