As the population ages, the demand for complex oral rehabilitation in elderly patients continues to grow. Challenges, such as extensive tooth loss, abnormal jaw relationships, alveolar ridge resorption, and age-related degenerative changes in the stomatognathic system, complicate prosthetic treatments. This article illustrates a digital workflow for personalized occlusal design and rehabilitation on the basis of digital twin technology by using the case of a 68-year-old fully edentulous female patient with mandibular deviation and temporomandibular joint structural abnormalities. Three-dimensional jaw position adjustment, occlusal plane design, and occlusal contact optimization were achieved by constructing a patient-specific digital twin model, significantly improving the predictability and functional adaptation of the prosthesis. This digital approach effectively reduces the number of visits and chairside time; minimizes reliance on clinical experience; and offers an efficient, precise, and scalable solution for complex prosthetic rehabilitation in the elderly.

The rapid development of stomatology and the continuous improvement of patients' medical needs have led to a notable focus on comfortable dental treatment techniques. During dental treatment, children often exhibit anxiety and uncooperative behaviors due to factors such as pain during treatment, incomplete cognitive development, and fear of unfamiliar environments. This not only influences the quality and efficiency of treatment but may also have long-term negative effects on their future oral health behaviors. Comfortable dental treatment technology aims to reduce children's fear and pain, improve treatment compliance, and enhance the diagnostic and treatment experience through methods such as behavior management, drug sedation, and painless technology. This paper systematically organizes relevant studies on comfortable dental treatment for children at multiple levels from basic theoretical research to clinical application. It emphasizes the latest advancements and efficacy of non-pharmacological behavior management technologies, drug sedation and anesthesia technologies, and digital and artificial intelligence-assisted technologies.

The article “Academy of Osseointegration/American Academy of Periodontology consensus on the prevention and management of peri-implant diseases and conditions: summary report” was published in June 2025. This consensus, supported by eight systematic reviews, focused on the prevention and management of peri-implant diseases and conditions. It placed a particular focus on the risk factors and therapeutic strategies for peri-implant mucositis, peri-implantitis, peri-implant soft tissue deficiency, and peri-implant marginal bone loss. It analyzed the effects of systemic diseases; behavioral, patient-related, and surgical factors; implant site conditions; and prosthetic design on the occurrence of peri-implant diseases and conditions and stratified their risk levels. Clinical guidelines for the prevention and management of different peri-implant diseases and conditionswere proposed on the basis of the above risk factors. This article aims to provide a critical interpretation of the consensus in the context of China’s clinical practice, synthesizing evidence-based recommendations and expert opinions to enhance clinicians’ understanding of peri-implant disease and condition management, thereby improving long-term implant survival rates.

Occlusal design is one of the most important factors affecting the osseointegration and long-term stability of implant restorations. A well-designed occlusion helps evenly distribute occlusal forces to the implant and its surrounding bone tissue, thereby promoting the health of peri-implant soft and hard tissues. By contrast, occlusal overload and nona-xial forces caused by improper occlusal design are key factors contributing to dental implant failure in the long term. Therefore, occlusal design directly affects the success rate and long-term outcomes of implant restorations. This work reviews the relationship between the neuromuscular system and occlusal design, factors influencing occlusal contact design, and occlusal changes after implant-supported single-crown restorations. The findings provide guidelines for occlusal design in implant-supported single crowns in posterior regions.

Retrograde peri-implantitis (RPI) is an infrequent biological complication that occurs in the apical region of implants, presenting as a circular or irregular low-density image surrounding the implant apex. It is one of the most important causes of early implant failure. The etiology and pathogenesis of RPI remain incompletely understood. Studies have shown that it may be related to multiple factors, including bacterial infection, bone overheating, and foreign body reactions. Furthermore, the treatment for RPI is not standardized. In this article, the etiology and treatment of RPI are reviewed to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of this disease in clinical practice.

Maxillofacial bone defect repair is a common clinical problem in the oral field and mainly uses bone graft materials for repair. As a new type of bone grafting material with good biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and biodegradability, autogenous tooth bone graft has shown advantages in clinical application. This study reviews the characteristics, preparation, influencing factors, and clinical application of autogenous tooth bone graft to provide a refe-rence for its clinical application.

Objective　This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of clinically isolated Lactobacillus plantarum SLH in experimental periodontitis. Methods　A strain of Lactobacillus plantarum SLH, isolated and purified from fecal samples of healthy infants, served as the experimental subject. Following Gram staining for morphological observation, its growth curve and acid production curve were plotted. The antibacterial activity of the bacterial cells and the cell-free fermentation supernatant against Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis was assessed using Oxford cup agar diffusion assay. The inhibitory effect of this strain on periodontal biofilm formation was evaluated via crystal violet staining assay. Furthermore, the strain’s tolerance to lysozyme and its in vitro anti-inflammatory capacity were determined. Subsequently, an experimental periodontitis model was established in rats by using ligature-induced method with 4-0 silk sutures. Twenty-four rats were randomly allocated into three groups (n=8 per group): a healthy control group, a periodontitis group, and an Lactobacillus plantarum SLH treatment group. A suspension of Lactobacillus plantarum SLH was prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 2% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a vehicle. This suspension was administered locally into the periodontal pockets at the ligation sites in the treatment group. The healthy control and periodontitis groups received local injections of an equal volume of the vehicle (2% CMC in PBS) only. This treatment regimen continued for 7 consecutive weeks. Upon completion of the administration period, clinical periodontal parameters, including the gingival sulcus bleeding index and probing pocket depth, were measured for all rats, followed by histopathological evaluation of the periodontal tissues. Results　A probiotic strain was successfully isolated and purified. Following identification by 16S rDNA sequencing, it was designated as Lactobacillus plantarum SLH. Antibacterial and biofilm formation assays demonstrated that the cell-free fermentation supernatant of this strain exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum (P<0.05). Lysozyme tolerance test indicated that Lactobacillus plantarum SLH could withstand a relatively high concentration (3 mg/mL) of lysozyme. Furthermore, Lactobacillus plantarum SLH significantly reduced the expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6 in an inflammatory cell model (P<0.000 1). In the animal experiment, compared with the control group, the periodontitis group showed significant increases in the gingival sulcus bleeding index and probing pocket depth (P<0.000 1). Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum SLH resulted in a significant reduction in sulcus bleeding index (SBI) and probing depth (PD) compared with the treatment of periodontitis groups (P<0.000 1). The body weight of the periodontitis group decreased compared with that of the controls (P<0.05), and the Lactobacillus plantarum SLH treatment group showed a significant increase in body weight compared with the periodontitis group (P<0.000 1). Micro-computed tomography analysis revealed pronounced alveolar bone resorption in the periodontitis group. This bone loss was significantly attenuated in the Lactobacillus plantarum SLH treatment group compared with the periodontitis group (P<0.001). Histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining showed a marked alleviation of inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue damage in the periodontal tissues of rats treated with Lactobacillus plantarum SLH. Conclusion　Lactobacillus plantarum SLH exerts significant ameliorative effects on experimental periodontitis and holds potential as an adjunctive therapy for periodontal disease.

Objective　To investigate the regulatory effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C (HTR2C) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) through the Gα_q/11-Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling pathway.Me-thods　The TCGA database was used to analyze the expression of HTR2C in OSCC and normal oral tissues and its relationship with the overall survival rate of patients. The expression level of HTR2C was detected in OSCC tumor microarrays through immunohistochemistry, and the correlation between HTR2C and clinicopathological features was analyzed. HTR2C knockdown HN12 and UM1 cell lines were constructed, and the effects of HTR2C knockdown or its inhi-bitor (Puerarin) on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells were evaluated through cell counting kit-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays. Western blot analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression and activation of the HTR2C-Gα_q/11-YAP signaling pathway. The effect of HTR2C on the growth of OSCC was verified by using a subcutaneous xenograft model of OSCC in nude mice. Results　HTR2C was significantly overexpressed in OSCC tissues, and its high expression was significantly associated with the poor prognosis of patients (P<0.05). In vitro experiments demonstrated that the knockdown of HTR2C or use of Puerarin significantly inhibited the proliferation and clonal formation, migration, and invasion abilities of OSCC cells (P<0.01), and the inhibitory effect of puerarin was dose-dependent. Mechanism studies showed that HTR2C knockdown inhibited YAP phosphorylation at Tyr357 and promoted YAP phosphorylation at Ser127 by reducing the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and Cofilin, thereby inhibiting YAP transcriptional activity and decreasing the expression of its downstream target genes CYR61, CTGF, and AURKA (P<0.05). In vivo experiments confirmed that inhibiting the expression of HTR2C by using Puerarin could significantly inhibit the growth of OSCC xenograft tumors (P<0.000 1). This effect was achieved by regulating the YAP signaling pathway. Conclusion　The high expression of HTR2C in OSCC was significantly associated with poor prognosis. HTR2C may regulate the proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis of OSCC cells by activating the Gα_q/11-YAP signaling pathway. This study suggests that HTR2C may be a potential therapeutic target for OSCC. However, further clinical research is needed to validate its findings.

Objective　This study aimed to compare the vibration parameters of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds during mouth opening and closing between patients with anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDWR) and healthy individuals by using a TMJ vibration analysis system. Methods　Vibration signals were collected during maximum mouth opening and closing from 51 joints diagnosed with ADDWR and 51 healthy control joints. The following parameters were extracted and analyzed: peak amplitude, total vibrational energy, vibrational energy above 800 Hz, and vibrational energy below 800 Hz. They were assessed and compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results　The parameters evaluated were significantly higher in the ADDWR group than in the control group (P<0.01). Vibrations in ADDWR joints predominantly occurred during the mouth-opening phase. Conclusion　The vibrational characteristics of ADDWR joints differ significantly from those of healthy joints. The TMJ vibration analysis system provides a dynamic, noninvasive, and cost-effective tool with potential utility in the auxiliary assessment of temporomandibular disorders.

Objective　This study aimed to investigate the current status of post-traumatic growth among patients with oral cancer and examine the influence of fear of cancer recurrence and coping mechanisms on post-traumatic development, providing a basis for improving post-traumatic growth in individuals with oral cancer. Methods　From September 2023 to April 2024, convenience sampling was used to select 255 patients with oral cancer from three hospitals in Chongqing for the study. This questionnaire survey was conducted utilizing the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, the Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form, and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire. Results　The overall scores for post-traumatic growth, fear of cancer recurrence, positive coping strategies, and negative coping strategies were 56.88±18.69, 32.55±9.77, 19.86±9.82, and 8.72±6.76, respectively. Post-traumatic growth was significantly negatively correlated with fear of cancer recurrence and negative coping strategies (r=-0.646, -0.219, P<0.05) but significantly positively correlated with positive coping strategies (r=0.482, P<0.05). The relationship between post-traumatic growth and fear of cancer recurrence was partially mediated by coping strategies, and the mediating effect was 0.132, which accounted for 16.79% of the total effect. Conclusion　Post-traumatic growth level among patients with oral cancer needs further improvement to reduce the fear of cancer recurrence. Encouraging patients to adopt positive coping strategies can enhance the degree of post-traumatic growth.

Cleidocrainal dysplasia is a rare autosomal dominant disorder in which patients tend to have oral manifestations such as retained deciduous teeth, impacted permanent teeth and supernumerary teeth. Currently, RUNX2 is the gene known to be involved in the pathogenesis of CCD, and with the widespread use of high-throughput sequencing technology, more and more types of mutations carried by CCD patients are being discovered. In this paper, we will focus on dental developmental abnormalities in CCD patients, illustrate the association between RUNX2 gene mutations and oral manifestations in CCD patients, and provide new ideas for exploring the pathogenesis of dental developmental abnormalities in CCD patients caused by RUNX2 gene mutations.

Cleft lip and palate (CL/P) is a prevalent congenital malformation of the craniofacial region, with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCL/P) representing the majority of cases. The development of NSCL/P is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. ARHGAP29 gene plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of NSCL/P. ARHGAP29 regulates biological processes such as cytoskeletal stability, cell migration, and proliferation, and it contri-butes to normal craniofacial development. This gene likely exerts its function through signaling pathways, including Rho GTPase and Wnt pathways. This review highlights the findings about ARHGAP29, focusing on its gene structure, expression and role in craniofacial development, as well as its mutations in various populations and its interactions with other genes. These insights are essential for understanding the pathogenesis of CL/P.

Minimally invasive dental restoration technology based on adhesive properties is a characteristic technology system for dental defect repair at present. The key to clinical success lies in the durability and stability of the resin-bonded interface between the composite material and the teeth. Given that the resin-bonded restorations are exposed to the mouth for an extended period, micro-leakage gradually appears at the edges of the restorations and bacteria and their products enter the prosthesis, which leads to secondary caries. Considering its peculiar structure and special properties, graphene and its derivatives have attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad. Their applications in the field of stomatology have also been widely studied. In this study, we review the research on graphene and its derivatives in the field of dental bonding. Their applications in dental bonding are also discussed and summarized.

Wound healing involves a variety of complex regulatory mechanisms, where factors such as infection, oxidative stress, and inflammation can lead to delayed or impaired healing. Nanoselenium potentially accelerates wound hea-ling because of its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties and its ability to promote cell migration and angiogenesis. However, the poor dispersibility, low solubility, and narrow safety concentration range of nanoselenium li-mit its applications. When combined with polymers, metals, and other materials, its stability, mechanical strength, and biological performance can be considerably improved to enhance the healing of special wounds, such as infectious, inflammatory, and diabetic wounds. This study summarizes the biological safety and repair mechanisms of nano-selenium in different wound healing contexts and design strategies for nano-selenium composite materials, aiming to provide novel insights into nanoselenium composite materials in oral and maxillofacial wound healing.

Endodontics as an important branch of dentistry has entered a new stage of development in research and cli-nical practice with the introduction of robotic technology. This study reviews the research progress of robotic technology in the field of endodontics, with a particular focus on its applications in root canal treatment and apical surgery. Robotic technology has demonstrated significant advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of endodontic diseases due to its operational efficiency, treatment precision, and stability in task execution. The study comprehensively discusses the roles of robots in visual guidance, physical assistance, and automated treatment using micro-robots. It also explores the potential limitations in practical applications, such as high costs and operational complexity. The review aims to provide references for future research directions and practical applications.

As an innovative endodontic treatment method, the sleeveless static navigation technology has achieved remarkable progress in clinical applications in recent years. This technology uses a 3D-printed integrated surgical guide plate, replacing the traditional sleeve with a specially designed guide rail to precisely guide surgical instruments, thereby enhancing the accuracy and safety of root canal treatment. Research shows that the sleeveless navigation technology excels in handling complex cases such as pulp canal obliteration, periapical periodontitis, and fiber post removal, especially in settings with limited intermaxillary distance. By optimizing the guide plate design, this method improves cooling efficiency, reduces surgical costs, and minimizes damage to dental tissues. However, the sleeveless guide plate is constrained by its material wear resistance and the operating personnel’s ability to use specialized software. This paper reviews the manufacturing process, clinical applications, advantages, and disadvantages of sleeveless static navigation technology and explores its potential applications in endodontics to serve as a reference for clinical practice.

Normal swallowing is a crucial activity for maintaining survival and metabolic balance in the body. A complete and healthy set of teeth is critical for the proper execution of swallowing functions. However, various oral diseases such as periodontal disease, dental caries, trauma, and tumors can lead to tooth loss. In recent years, the acceleration of the aging process has rendered the issue of tooth loss among the population increasingly prominent. However, the effect of tooth loss on swallowing function is often overlooked by clinicians and patients. Previous studies have shown that tooth loss negatively affects various aspects of swallowing, including food mastication, bolus transport, mandibular positioning, and the coordination of oral muscle groups, leading to swallowing hypofunction. This article reviews existing data to clarify the correlation between tooth loss and swallowing disorders and evaluates the therapeutic effects of prosthetic restoration on swallowing function in patients with tooth loss. The synthesized evidence aims to provide a theoretical foundation for evidence-based clinical decision-making in dentistry.

In dental diagnosis and treatment, intraoral radiography serves as a widely utilized auxiliary imaging modality due to its cost-effectiveness, operational convenience, low radiation exposure, and high resolution. However, the ima-ging process of intraoral radiographs involves multiple infection-related risks. These associated risks include environmental contamination by blood and saliva due to the unique intraoral imaging technique, the presence of open oral wounds in some patients or occult infections initially manifesting as oral symptoms, non-standardized imaging procedures by operators, and improper handling of equipment and imaging environments. Collectively, these factors lead to a high risk of cross-infection during imaging procedures, which is frequently ignored in clinical practice. Consequently, this study reviews current hospital-acquired infection risks associated with digital intraoral X-ray imaging technology. By synthesizing domestic and international literature and drawing upon clinical experience, we have optimized standardized intraoral radiographic protocols, established ima-ging strategies for high-risk patients, and enhanced disinfection protocols for equipment and environments. These measures aim to effectively mitigate infection risks inherent in intraoral radiographic procedures.