Int J Stomatol

Int J Stomatol ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (4): 534-543.doi: 10.7518/gjkq.2025050

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Interactive regulation of dental stem cells and immune cells

Xueyu Gao1,2(),Yuhong Liu1,Yantao Zhao3,4,Jun Yan1()   

  1. 1.Dept. of Stomatology, Xijing 986 Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’ an 710032, China
    2.School of Stomatology, Qilu Medical University, Zibo 255300, China
    3.Senior Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
    4.Beijing Engineering Research Center of Orthopedics Implants, Beijing 100048, China
  • Received:2024-04-07 Revised:2024-10-28 Online:2025-07-01 Published:2025-06-20
  • Contact: Jun Yan E-mail:2685102496@qq.com;2113124856@qq.com
  • Supported by:
    Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province(2023-YBSF-426)

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Abstract:

Dental stem cells are easy to obtain with few technical and ethical constraints and have strong proliferative ability and stable morphology. Immune cells are widely distributed in the body and can regulate dental stem cells, which is beneficial for the treatment of tissue homeostasis and inflammatory diseases. Further research on their mutual regulatory mechanisms has important clinical significance. The interaction between dental stem cells and immune cells can control the biological behavior of dental stem cells, regulate the local inflammatory microenvironment, and promote tissue regeneration and inflammation treatment. However, the mechanism underlying the interaction regulation between dental stem cells and immune cells is largely unclear, and the discovered mechanisms lack clinical experimental evidence. Further exploration is needed before applying these cells to clinical treatment. This article summarizes the mutual regulatory effects and mechanisms between dental stem cells and immune cells to provide reference for their clinical applications.

Key words: mesenchymal stem cell, stomatognathic system, immune cell, immunoregulation, tissue regeneration

CLC Number: 

  • Q26

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Tab 1

Mutual regulation and immunological characteristics of dental and maxillary stem cells and immune cells"

细胞种类与免疫细胞的相互调控免疫学特征
牙源性间充质干细胞牙髓干细胞

1）抑制吞噬细胞，刺激T细胞释放TGF-β抑制免疫反应，抑制细胞毒性T细胞的增殖和活化；

2）自然杀伤细胞能诱导牙髓干细胞凋亡，吞噬细胞可以调控牙髓干细胞的增殖和分化

具有较强的免疫调节能力和较低的免疫原性，与普通的免疫抑制剂相比安全性更高
牙周膜干细胞

1）可双向调节B细胞，抑制T细胞的增殖，促进中性粒细胞增殖，抑制中性粒细胞凋亡，可诱导巨噬细胞向M2型极化，抑制自然杀伤细胞，抑制CD3+T细胞的功能，抑制T细胞活力并引导T细胞向Th分化，增强免疫抑制；

2）中性粒细胞可抑制牙周膜干细胞增殖，CD3+T细胞能降低牙周膜干细胞的免疫调节能力

静息状态下牙周膜干细胞的免疫调节活性通常较低
根尖牙乳头干细胞

1）可促进促炎性T细胞向Treg细胞转化，抑制Th17分化，促进巨噬细胞极化；

2）巨噬细胞可抑制根尖牙乳头干细胞的增殖和分化，在抗炎环境中，巨噬细胞选择性极化可促进根尖牙乳头干细胞分化

具有低免疫原性，能够调节免疫微环境，促进组织再生，与免疫细胞的相互调节效果不如其他牙源性间充质干细胞
牙龈间充质干细胞

1）抑制T细胞增殖和功能，调节T细胞分化，诱导T细胞凋亡，促进Treg细胞向Th细胞转化，抑制外周血单个核细胞增殖，抑制M1型巨噬细胞活化，促进巨噬细胞向M2型转变，抑制B细胞的活化和功能；

2）巨噬细胞可抑制牙龈间充质干细胞的组织再生和免疫调节能力，巨噬细胞和树突状细胞能够提高牙龈间充质干细胞的分化能力

对先天免疫细胞和适应性免疫细胞具有较强的免疫调节作用
牙囊干细胞促进巨噬细胞向M2型极化，能够调节中性粒细胞活性，抑制淋巴细胞凋亡，可以调节各种T细胞的比例分离纯化具有一定难度，在治疗炎症性疾病和自身免疫性疾病中发挥积极作用
脱落乳牙牙髓干细胞

1）可以调节各种T细胞的比例；

2）T细胞可降低脱落乳牙牙髓干细胞的免疫原性并增强其免疫调节能力

实质是牙髓干细胞的一种，免疫排斥反应小
牙胚干细胞外泌体可以和免疫细胞相互作用具有神经保护能力
颌骨来源间充质干细胞颌骨骨髓间充质干细胞巨噬细胞可促进颌骨骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化与其他来源的间充质干细胞相比，对免疫细胞的调节能力较低
颌骨骨膜间充质干细胞抑制巨噬细胞向M1型极化，抑制巨噬细胞增殖，可将巨噬细胞从M1型转变为M2型，抑制树突状细胞的免疫功能
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