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Table of Content

    01 May 2019, Volume 46 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue
    Expert Forum
    Research on oral metabonomics
    Wei Li,Jinglin Zhou
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  249-252.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019047
    Abstract ( 1044 )   HTML ( 29 )   PDF(pc) (472KB) ( 640 )   Save

    Metabonomics, as a part of system biology, is an approach to study the metabolism of diverse organisms, elucidate biological processes and find characteristic biomarkers of physiological states. As two key technologies, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or mass spectra (MS) is used to detect the biological fluids, combined with the chemometrics method draw the metabolic pathway map and characteristic metabolites. It is widely used to detecting disease classification, drug toxicity assessment, plant classification, and detecting marine environment and food safety. This review demonstrates the methods, result, conclusions and research progress of metabonomics in stomatology.

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    Signalling Pathways
    Researches on interleukin-1α signalling pathway in tooth eruption
    Mingmei Meng,Weihua Guo,Xuedong Zhou,Jing Zou
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  253-257.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019035
    Abstract ( 796 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF(pc) (494KB) ( 510 )   Save

    Tooth eruption, the process of the migration of the tooth crown from its site of development within bone to its functional position, is a complicated physiological course, involving alveolar bone, dental sac, osteoclasts, osteoblasts and multiple cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-1α is one of the dual-function cytokines which has a wide range of biological activities. This review is to address the researches on IL-1α signalling pathway in tooth eruption.

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    Effects of bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway and its crosstalks on mandible development
    Xiaomeng Wang,Xiao Wang,Ce Shi,Hongchen Sun,Yang Huang
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  258-262.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019033
    Abstract ( 754 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF(pc) (423KB) ( 703 )   Save

    Mandible, as the only autonomic movable bone in the craniofacial region, plays multiple important roles, such as chewing, pronunciation and swallowing. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway plays a fundamental role in the formation and homeostasis of bone and cartilage and is essential for mandible development. BMP ligands, receptors and downstream cytokines are associated with other signalling pathways, thereby forming a complex and extensive signalling network which regulates mandibular development. This review mainly introduces the roles of BMP signalling and its crosstalks during mandible development.

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    Research progress on role of Hippo pathway in bone metabolism
    Xinyuan Zhang,Bin Wang,Hui Yu,Liwen Zhu,Lin Xiang
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  263-269.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019034
    Abstract ( 1419 )   HTML ( 20 )   PDF(pc) (434KB) ( 571 )   Save

    In mammals, the Hippo signalling pathway is highly conserved and regulates bone metabolism and maintains the essential physiological functions of bones. Mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1/2, large tumour suppressor 1/2 and the Yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif are the core components of the Hippo signalling pathway. This pathway mediates the physiological functions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondrocytes under the regulation of multiple transcription factors upstream and downstream. In this study, we highlight the recent research progress on the mechanism underlying bone metabolism in the Hippo signalling pathway. We hope that this review can provide new ideas and strategies for further investigations and treatment of bone metabolism-related diseases.

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    Change in expression of transformation growth factor-β/Smad signalling pathway-related proteins in epithelial rests of Malassez during orthodontic tooth movement in rats
    Ya Yang,Peng Chen,Hongwei Dai,Lin Zhang
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  270-276.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019028
    Abstract ( 911 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF(pc) (678KB) ( 282 )   Save

    Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression of transformation growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signal pathway-related proteins in the epithelial rests of Malassez (ERM) and the functional change in ERM during orthodontic tooth movement in rats to explore the mechanism by which the TGF-β/Smad signal pathway regulates ERM that is involved in tooth movement. Methods Tooth movement was achieved in 30 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 200-250 g each) by placing NiTi coil springs between the maxillary right first molar and incisor with the force of 50 g. The left side served as controls. Rats were killed at 0, 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days. Bilateral masses, including the maxillary first molars and the surrounding alveolar bone, were removed. Immunohistochemical staining was used to analyse the sections with the Image-Pro Plus Image Analysis System. The integrated optical density (IOD) of the stained positive signal was measured under the same light intensity. The IOD values of TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3 and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were measured for all groups. The number of ERM was counted, and the surface areas of the ERM cluster were measured in the cervical and furcational regions of the first molar for all groups. The results were evaluated using the t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test with SPSS 17.0 software. Results The TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3 and PCNA expression was weak in control rats. The immunofluorescence staining of TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3 increased after the 1st day, peaked on the 7th day and then decreased. On the 1st, 4th, 7th, 10th and 14th day, the IOD values of TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3 were statistically significant compared with those of the control group. After 4 days, PCNA immunohistochemistry positive staining increased. After 7 days, the PCNA expression level significantly increased, peaked on the 10th day and then decreased afterwards. On the 4th, 7th, 10th and 14th day, the IOD values of PCNA were statistically significant compared with those of the control group. The number of ERM and the surface area of the ERM cluster were statistically significant compared with those of the control group on the 4th, 7th, 10th and 14th day. Conclusion The number of ERM and the surface area of the ERM cluster both increased under a mechanical force. The TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway-related proteins (namely, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3) were expressed in ERM and showed a trend change with the increase in force time. This result indicated that ERM can regulate its function in tooth movement through the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway under a mechanical force.

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    Original Articles
    Research on the surface-enhanced Raman spectrum of blood serum for clinical staging of oral squamous cell carcinoma
    Bing Yan,Xianyang Luo,Yingyun Tan,Limei Guan,Lili Xue
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  277-281.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq2019036
    Abstract ( 1263 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF(pc) (712KB) ( 530 )   Save

    Objective To evaluate the surface-enhanced Raman spectrum of the blood serum of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients and establish a diagnostic model for clinical staging. Methods Serum samples were obtained from a total of 144 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and classified into three groups, namely, the early cancer group, the mid-term cancer group, and the advanced cancer group. Principal component and linear discriminant analyses were utilized to establish a diagnostic model with which to classify the different groups based on spectral differences. Results A total of 144 spectra were generated from the samples. The main differences found involved peaks at 721-727, 931-932, 1 129-1 133,1 264-1 266, and 1 367-1 371 cm -1, which can be assigned to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The total accuracy of the established model exceeded 80%, and its cross-validation accuracy exceeded 70%. Conclusion Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy could be applied to detect the clinical stages of oral squamous cell carcinoma based on blood serum.

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    Evaluation and correlation analysis of quality of life and coping strategies in patients with symptomatic oral lichen planus
    Shuaihua Qin,Xinming Li,Wenlu Li
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  282-286.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019037
    Abstract ( 1163 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF(pc) (584KB) ( 272 )   Save

    Objective To investigate the relationship between medical coping strategies and health-related quality of life in patients with symptomatic oral lichen planus (OLP). Methods A total of 134 patients with symptomatic OLP were enrolled in the study. A medical coping style questionnaire and 14-item oral health impact scale (OHIP-14) were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using statistics software. Results In the quality of life questionnaire, physical pain (66.94±27.36 points), psychological discomfort (62.30±31.65 points), and functional restrictions (61.69±26.96 points) garnered the highest scores in patients with symptomatic oral lichen planus. In the medical coping questionnaire, the scores of evade and surrender were higher than those of the norm (P<0.05), whereas the scores of face were lower than those of the norm (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the face and evade dimensions were negatively correlated with some areas of quality of life (P<0.05) and that the surrender dimension was positively correlated with most areas of quality of life (P<0.05). Conclusion Physical pain and psychological distress are among the most affected areas in patients with OLP. The quality of life of patients with symptomatic OLP is generally low, and many of those affected are likely to adopt a negative coping style. Appropriate treatment measures and psychological interventions may improve patients’ quality of life and encourage them to adopt a positive coping style.

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    Patients’ concerns and preferences for orthodontic treatment: a questionnaire study
    Mengyuan Zhao,Sijia Li,Yunzi Bai,Zhen Tian,Ding Bai
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  287-291.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019044
    Abstract ( 1218 )   HTML ( 24 )   PDF(pc) (456KB) ( 507 )   Save

    Objective The purpose is to understand the concerns of orthodontic patients and potential patients on orthodontic treatment, the acceptance of orthodontic appliances and the influencing factors. Methods This questionnaire survey is conducted through a network of questionnaires. A total of 999 participants were recruited, including 690 orthodontic patients and 309 prospective patients. Differences in patient group, gender, and age group were analyzed using ANOVA for statistical analysis. Results Patients’ highest-rate concern was discomfort, followed by long treatment period and tooth mobility. The most accepted appliance is a stainless steel bracket, the most important factor of which is the therapeutic effect. Big differences were found between patients and prospective patients regarding concerns and orthodontic appliance acceptance. Prospective patients differ greatly in their treatment concerns and acceptance of the appliance. Compared with women and adult patients, male and adolescent patients pay more attention to comfort. Conclusion Different types of participants have different concerns about orthodontic treatment, appliance acceptance and causes. These knowledge are vital for orthodontic care providers to establish good marketing plan and to communicate with patients.

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    Influences of immediat implant or traditional implant on postoperative pain
    Meijie Wang,Xin Tan,Yuwei Zhao,Haiyang Yu
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  292-296.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019046
    Abstract ( 1155 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF(pc) (546KB) ( 337 )   Save

    Objective To compare the effect of immediate implant or traditional implant on postoperative pain. Methods Eighty patients asking for dental implant surgery in posterior teeth were included. The patients were divided into two groups by immediate implants and traditional implants. They were requested to evaluate the pain intensity using numerical rating scale for 3 days post-surgery and recorded the pain value. Results There was no significant difference in postoperative pain intensity between immediate implant group and traditional implant group, except for the pain intensity at 2 hours post-surgery (P=0.046). Conclusion Compared with traditional implant, immediate implant had no significant difference in postoperative pain intensity, but the early postoperative pain response of immediate implant was more obvious, and appropriate pain control can be given in advance.

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    Family resilience for families of children with cleft lip and palate and discussion on its influencing factors
    Dan Liu,Bochun Mao,Ruyan Luo,Ke Cui,Bing Shi,Caixia Gong
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  297-301.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019008
    Abstract ( 1420 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF(pc) (470KB) ( 614 )   Save

    Objective This study aims to provide a new perspective and basis for psychological support for families of children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) by examining the family resilience level and demographic factors that affect family resilience. Methods A total of 113 parents of children with cleft lip and palate were selected as the experimental group from West China Stomatology Hospital. A total of 160 parents of non-CLP children were selected from a school in Chengdu as the control group. A self-made questionnaire was used to assess the basic information of subjects. Family resilience scale was conducted to assess the scores of family resilience and all dimensions. Results 1) The experimental group had a significantly lower score than the control group (P<0.05) in the total score of family resilience, family communication and problem solving, and ability to find meaning in adversity and maintain a positive outlook. 2) In the cleft lip and palate group, there were significant differences between the total score (the overall level of family resistance) and the parents’ gender, main place of residence, primary caregiver, and the severity of illness (P<0.05).Conclusion The level of resilience of families with CLP children is lower than that of families with non-CLP children. The total score of family resilience of father is lower than that of the mother. Families in which the parents are the primary caregivers showed higher family resilience. Families living in cities have higher total score of family resilience than families living in towns, and families living in villages had the lowest resilience.

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    Reviews
    Research progress on regulatory mechanism of the circadian clock genes on osteogenesis and bone resorption
    Wei Hu,Yifan Wang,Yifang Yuan,Ying Li,Bin Guo
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  302-307.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019006
    Abstract ( 1074 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF(pc) (466KB) ( 288 )   Save

    The internal circadian timing system of human is a major regulatory network mainly interacting circadian genes for regulating 24 h rhythms of many metabolic and physiological processes. The dynamic balance of osteogenesis and bone resorption is the foundation of normal bone function. The circadian genes, which are closely related to osteogenesis and bone resorption, play an essential regulatory role in bone remolding and may be targets of bone regenerative medicine. This review focuses on the circadian timing system structure and the recent progress of research on regulatory mechanism of osteogenesis and bone resorption. We aim to possibly determine a novel approach for bone reconstruction and regenerative therapy.

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    Analysis status and clinical application prospect of biomarkers in oral gingival crevicular fluid
    Zhulin Hu,Yi Zhao,Yin Li
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  308-315.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019042
    Abstract ( 1402 )   HTML ( 25 )   PDF(pc) (465KB) ( 545 )   Save

    Gingival crevicular fluid is a tissue transudate present in the periodontal gingival sulcus or a periodontal pocket, and its amount and composition are closely related to the state of periodontal tissues. Current research focuses on finding reliable, high-sensitivity and high-specificity gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers and convenient clinical chair-side detection technology to achieve the early detection, intervention and treatment of the adverse reactions and inflammation of periodontal tissues. Gingival crevicular fluid detection shows great potential for clinical application and likely provides objective quantitative evidence for clinical diagnosis. Thus, this review summarises the recent studies on the biomarker composition, detection technology and clinical application prospect of gingival crevicular fluid.

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    Research progress on osteoprotegerin in oral science
    Xin Gao,Rongsheng Zeng
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  316-319.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019021
    Abstract ( 1340 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF(pc) (414KB) ( 345 )   Save

    Known as a new member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily, osteoprotegerin (OPG) inhibits osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activation through the receptor-activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/receptor-activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK)/OPG signal pathway. Additionally, osteoclasts are directly involved in the regulation of bone metabolism and play a major role in alveolar bone reconstruction and root resorption. This review focused on the implications of osteoprotegerin during orthodontic tooth movement, periodontitis, osteointegration, tooth eruption and other oral aspects.

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    Research progress on the role of special AT-rich sequence binding protein 2 in maxillofacial development and perio-dontal regeneration
    Tingting Jia,Shiguo Yan
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  320-325.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019030
    Abstract ( 814 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF(pc) (425KB) ( 300 )   Save

    Special AT-rich sequence binding protein 2 (SATB2) is a tissue-specific nuclear matrix sequence binding protein. SATB2 has been identified as a molecular determinant of osteogenesis and osteoblast differentiation, plays a key role in maxillofacial development and is an effective regulator of periodontal regeneration. This article reviews the current status of regulation of maxillofacial development by SATB2 and its application in periodontal tissue engineering.

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    The microbial ecology of root caries
    Qian Du,Biao Ren,Xuedong Zhou,Xin Xu
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  326-332.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019007
    Abstract ( 898 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF(pc) (483KB) ( 644 )   Save

    As a clinical subtype of dental caries, root caries is a polymicrobial infectious disease resulting from dysbiosis of the microbial ecology of the mouth. In this case, highly acidogenic/aciduric species are selectively enriched while less aciduric commensal residents are suppressed within the biofilm. This feed-forward imbalance in microbial equilibrium leads to a continuous decline in pH to the threshold below which tooth hard tissue demineralization occurs. Due to the histological features of tooth dentine and cementum, as well as the impact of both saliva and gingival groove liquid, the microbial etiology of root caries is relatively complex, including not only demineralization by bacterial acidification but also organic matrix degradation. The microorganisms within root caries lesions show high diversity, including large numbers of Gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, and even fungi. This review summarizes the characteristic microorganisms of root caries from the perspective of microbial ecology to advance our understanding of root caries.

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    Research progress on the risk factors of median rhomboid glossitis
    Yilong Hao,Yu Zhou,Qianming Chen
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  333-338.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019012
    Abstract ( 2312 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF(pc) (518KB) ( 628 )   Save

    Median rhomboid glossitis (MRG) is a type of tongue disease characterized by shiny oval or diamond-shaped erythematous areas on the dorsal midline of the tongue. The etiological factors of MRG remain unclear. Several possible risk factors cited in the literature include developmental anomalies, candidiasis, smoking, diabetes mellitus, denture wearing, and nutritional factors. Increasing evidence suggests that MRG is strongly associated with chronic candidal infection. Antifungal treatment is usually clinically effective. However, more studies are required to explore how candidiasis causes MRG. The objective of this review is to summarize current research on the risk factors of this tongue disease.

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    Research progress on Pai syndrome
    Xiaoxu Liu,Jian Ma,Bing Shi,Yongqing Huang
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  339-342.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019009
    Abstract ( 983 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF(pc) (448KB) ( 658 )   Save

    Pai syndrome is a rare syndromic cleft lip and/or palate, which was first reported by Pai and collaborators in 1987. It is characterized by congenital cutaneous polyps, midline cleft lip and pericallosal lipoma. It is difficult to identify due to complex phenotypes. A specific diagnostic standard has not been formed at present. The literatures about its etiology and pathogenesis were few and still unexplained. This report summarized 66 cases of Pai syndrome which had been reported, and analyzed its clinical phenotypes, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria and treatment status in order to provide new vision for etiology, diagnosis and treatment.

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    Clinical research progress on surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion
    Yingyou He,Sen Hu,Jihua Li
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  343-348.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019043
    Abstract ( 1243 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF(pc) (539KB) ( 385 )   Save

    Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) is a common method for treating maxillary transverse deficiency. This article aims to review published studies on the benefits and risks of the intraoperative release of the pterygomaxillary disjunction and the nasal septum and to compare the devices used postoperatively for SARME and the characteristics of three commonly used methods [SARME, rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and segmental maxillary osteotomy (SMO)] for treating maxillary transverse deficiency. Results indicate that the intraoperative release of the pterygomaxillary disjunction and the nasal septum is unnecessary during SARME to reduce intraoperative complications. Tooth- and bone-borne devices are effective and have unique advantages for SARME. Treatments with SARME, RME and SMO yield different therapeutic effects and expansion styles. The selection of a treatment method should be based on clinical requirements.

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    Research progress on deep margin elevation in tooth defect restorations
    Yuting Han,Yanru Wu
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  349-355.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019041
    Abstract ( 3782 )   HTML ( 104 )   PDF(pc) (431KB) ( 1549 )   Save

    Deep margin elevation has become a popular technique for restoring tooth defects with a proximal cavity margin located beneath gingival tissues. With advances in materials technology and the prevalence of minimally invasive methods, less invasive, less time-consuming and less complicated restorations have become feasible. However, a clear definition or a standard operating method on deep margin elevation and sufficient in vitro studies or in vivo randomised controlled trials have yet to be performed to verify the scientificity and reliability of this technique. This article aims to retrospectively evaluate deep margin elevation.

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    Research progress on proximal contact loss between implant-supported fixed prostheses and adjacent natural teeth
    Qiyue Chen,Guangbao Song
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  356-360.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019015
    Abstract ( 1048 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF(pc) (452KB) ( 349 )   Save

    With the popularization of implant restoration technology, the treatment of complications is increasingly becoming a concern of clinicians. Previous studies mainly involved implant biological and mechanical complications. However, approximal contact loss is also a common complication of implant fixed restoration, which is the main cause of food impaction and affects chewing function, thereby significantly decreasing the patient’s denture comfort. Many studies have reported high approximal contact loss incidence, and the problem of food impaction caused by approximal contact loss of implant restoration has become a new topic receiving considerable research attention. This article reviews the causes, clinical features, and countermeasures of approximal contact loss after implant fixation.

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    Advances in research on the effects of Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers on the bonding strength of the bonding surface between dentine and porcelain prosthesis
    Jiaojiao Qin,Shan Jiao,Chengkun Wang
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  361-366.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019040
    Abstract ( 730 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF(pc) (456KB) ( 496 )   Save

    Computer-aided designs and computer-aided manufacturing systems have been introduced to stomatology and have greatly improved the production efficiency and application of all-porcelain prosthesis. The long-term use effect of all-porcelain prosthesis is closely related to the bonding performance on tooth surfaces, but the bonding strength of the bonding surface of all-porcelain prosthesis and dentine remains to be further studied. Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers have been developed in various aspects of the oral cavity. Dental hard tissue and ceramic surface treatments have also been widely explored, but no uniform conclusion on the influence of bonding strength has been obtained. In this study, research progress on the influences of Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers on the bonding strength of the bonding surface between dentine and porcelain prosthesis is reviewed.

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    Application and prospect of geographic information system in the field of stomatology
    Feng Qing,Jie Qian
    Int J Stomatol. 2019, 46 (3):  367-378.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2019029
    Abstract ( 782 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF(pc) (485KB) ( 223 )   Save

    Geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for collecting, storing, managing, computing, analysing, displaying and describing geographically distributed data. The powerful function of spatial analysis makes it widely used in every field of medicine. GIS has been gradually applied to the field of stomatology. Great progress has been made in the analysis of the supply and demand of oral medical resources, the spatial distribution characteristics of oral diseases and their influencing factors, the monitoring and prediction of diseases and the evaluation of the effects of preventive health measures. This article reviews the application and prospect of GIS in stomatology.

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