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01 November 2017, Volume 44 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Oral microbiome in the precision medicine Xu Xin, He Jinzhi, Zhou Xuedong. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  619-627.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.001 Abstract ( 684 )   HTML ( 19 )   PDF（pc） (1391KB) ( 417 )   Save Modern medicine has shifted from “disease oriented” to “patient oriented” and has consequently created a new era of personalized medicine or precision medicine. The physiological functions of the human body are determined not only by the human genome but also by symbiotic microflora. Currently, studies on the human microbiome have extended from a simple analysis of the association of bacteria and diseases to a complex analysis of the role of microbiome in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. These breakthroughs possibly promote the practice of personalized/precision medicine. This review summarizes the advances in oral microbiome-related research. In particular, the potential role of oral microbiome in the risk prediction, diagnosis, treatment evaluation, and prognosis of diseases is extensively discussed. Current challenges in the development of oral microbiome-based precision medicine are also described. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Microbiology

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Research progress on gut microbiota regulating bone metabolism Wu Qi, Liu Chengcheng, Zheng Liwei, Li Jiyao, Zhou Xuedong, Xu Xin Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  628-635.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.002 Abstract ( 860 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF（pc） (1194KB) ( 385 )   Save Heterogeneous microbiota dwells in the human gastrointestinal tract, and the maintenance of gut microbiota homeostasis plays an important role in normal host metabolism. With advancement in studies on human microbial communities, the effects of gut microbiota on bone metabolism have been extensively investigated. This review summarizes the research progress on the association between gut microbiome and bone metabolism and focuses on the relationship between gut microbiota and bone fitness, the potential mechanisms of mutual interactions, and the relationship between intestinal microbiota and alveolar bones. Research advancement in this field not only enhances our understanding of the etiological role of gut microbiota in bone metabolism-related diseases but also possibly provides a novel approach for the management of bone diseases involving the microbiota. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on antitumor effect and mechanism of probiotics Wang Zhiqiang, Ma Lijuan, Zhou Haijing, Yang Lan, Nie Hongbing, Xue Long Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  636-641.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.003 Abstract ( 1012 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF（pc） (1154KB) ( 464 )   Save Probiotics are living microorganisms that can elicit probiotic effects on hosts. For example, probiotics induce antitumor effects, which have been widely investigated. This article briefly summarizes the research progress on the mechanism and antitumor effects of probiotics. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the relationship of periodontal microbes and metabolic syndrome He Linlin, Yang Zhuo, Liu Chengcheng, Ding Yi. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  642-646.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.004 Abstract ( 681 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF（pc） (1126KB) ( 255 )   Save A metabolic syndrome is characterized by symptoms of metabolic disorders, such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates associated with increased risks of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Recent evidence has proposed the relationship between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome. In this review, progress on the role of inflammation and oxidative stress and the relationship of oral microbes with the main characteristics of metabolic syndrome is presented to provide new insights into the prevention and intervention of metabolic syndrome. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate signaling system and its potential role in oral bacterial pathogenesis Cheng Xingqun, Xu Xin, Zhou Xuedong, Li Yuqing. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  647-653.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.005 Abstract ( 971 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF（pc） (1668KB) ( 300 )   Save Cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate(c-di-AMP) is a new signal nucleotide, widely distributed among bacteria and archaea. c-di-AMP plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, cell wall homeostasis, interaction with host immune system and stress response. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that many oral bacterial genomes could encode the c-di-AMP synthase gene. Here we provide an overview of the synthesis and regulation of c-di-AMP in bacteria, highlighting the currently identified receptor proteins and pathways that are directly or indirectly controlled by c-di-AMP, as well as the recognition of c-di-AMP by the eukaryotic host. This review can serve as an important reference for future research of the c-di-AMP signaling system in oral bacteria. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of exogenous dextranase and sodium fluoride on biofilm of Actinomyces viscosus under different sucrose concentration conditions Fang Hongzhi, Tian Yuanyuan, Yu Xuan, Yang Yingming, Yang Hui, Hu Tao Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  654-659.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.006 Abstract ( 564 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF（pc） (1314KB) ( 138 )   Save Objective To explore the impact of exogenous dextranase(Dex) and sodium fluoride(NaF) on the biomass, biofilm vitality and acid production of Actinomyces viscosus in different sucrose concentration substrate. Methods Crystal violet staining was used to quantify the biomass of A. viscosus in each group. 2,3 bis(2 methoxy 4 nitro 5 sulfophenyl) 5 [(phenylamino)carbonyl] 2H tetrazolium hydroxide(XTT) assay was used to detect the vitality of the bacterial biofilms. pH electrode was applied to measure the pH values of the initial(pH1) and the 18 h liquid culture medium(pH2), and then the ΔpH(pH1-pH2) values was calculated. Results Under different sucrose concentration conditions, the bacterial biomass increased with the increase of sucrose concentration, and reached the peak at a sucrose mass fraction of 0.5%, and then decreased with the increase of sucrose concentration. In the 1% sucrose mass fraction groups, the bacterial biomass formed in the Dex+NaF group was significantly less than in the Dex or NaF group. In all groups, the bacterial vitality was decreased along with the increased sucrose concentration. Under the same sucrose concentration, the bacteria vitality of the Dex group was similar to that of the control group(P>0.05), and there was a slight increase in the bacteria vitality in the NaF group compared with the control group(P<0.05). With the increase of sucrose concentration, ΔpH changes were first increased and then decreased. The single or combined use of NaF and Dex could inhibit the acid production of A. viscosus under the sucrose mass fraction ranged from 0.25% to 2%. Conclusion Sucrose concentration was one of the factors that can influence the effect of Dex and NaF, both single and combination, on the bacterial biomass, biofilm vitality and acid production. The inhibitory effect of the combined use of Dex and NaF on the formation of bacterial biofilm showed a synergistic effect at the sucrose mass fraction of 1%. Dex and NaF displayed synergistic effect on acid production at the sucrose mass fraction of 2%. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Periodontitis

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Mechanism of pyroptosis and Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis development process Tang Qiuling, Li Gege, Pan Jiahui, Hou Yubo, Meng Yang, Yu Weixian. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  660-663.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.007 Abstract ( 828 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF（pc） (1182KB) ( 566 )   Save Pyroptosis is a typical form of programmed cell death mediated by inflammasomes. It leads to inflammatory response through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Porphyromonas gingivalis is the keystone pathogen of periodontitis. On the one hand, it can activate thenucleotide-binding oligomerization domain like receptor protein 3 inflammasomes of macrophages in the periodontal tissue, and it also can promote pyroptosis that lead to the immune pathological damage of periodontal tissue; on the other hand, it restrain the pyroptosis of vascular endothelial cell and escape the killing of the immune system. In this paper, the recent progress and mechanism of pyroptosis in periodontitis are reviewed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the role of inflammaging in diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis Zhang Peng, Ding Yi, Wang Qi Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  664-668.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.008 Abstract ( 652 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF（pc） (1125KB) ( 184 )   Save Diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis is a common age-related disease. However, methods for the prevention and treatment of this disease need further development. Inflammaging has been recently raised as an important factor in the occurrence and development of diabetic complications. This paper reviewed the relevant literature about the research and mechanism on the role of inflammaging in diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis and provided the new approach for pathogenesis and treatment of periodontitis inpatients with diabetes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of acellular dermal matrix in periodontology Guan Wei, Wang Changning. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  669-673.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.009 Abstract ( 847 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF（pc） (1125KB) ( 254 )   Save Acellular dermal matrix(ADM) is produced by a progress that removed cell component and preserved the dermis, which reserved properties of extracellular matrix and retained structural architecture. With good histocompatibility, ADM could be applied to restore tissue defect and guide tissue regeneration. Studies in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials showed that ADM had been widely used in medicine as a repair material. This review summarized the progress of ADM on the properties, mechanisms and applications in periodontology. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like protease complex and its pathogenic features Miao Di, Wu Yafei Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  674-678.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.010 Abstract ( 616 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF（pc） (1191KB) ( 134 )   Save Treponema denticola is closely associated with periodontal disease as a member of subgingival “red complex”.The surface protease chymotrypsin-like protease complex(CTLP) is an important virulent factor of T. denticola. CTLP plays significant roles in mediating pathogenesis of T. denticola, including adhesion and invasion to host cells and proteins, synergetic formation of biofilm with other periodontal pathogens, cytopathic effect, impairment and penetration of epithelial barrier, degradation of cell and tissue protein, modulation of host-derived proteinases and disruption of host immune regulation, and displaying multiple pathogenic features. Further study of CTLP will help to explain the pathogenesis of oral leptospira and to enrich the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Original Articles

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Mechanical strain induces mouse bone mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation Xue Lingfa, Zhang Daizun, Xiao Wenlin, Yu Baojun Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  679-685.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.011 Abstract ( 622 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF（pc） (2135KB) ( 343 )   Save Objective This study aimed to investigate the stimulating mechanism of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathway and Osterix under intermittent mechanical stretch tension to accelerate the osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) in mice. Methods Three groups of C57BL/6J BMSC, namely, blank control group, strain group, and inhibitor group(p38MAPK signal pathway inhibitor SB203580 + strain), were prepared and exposed to 0.8% intermittent mechanical strain at 0.5 Hz twice a day for 30 min at each time by using a Flexercell strain unit. The cells in the three groups were then harvested on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Changes in the mRNA expression of ALP, COLⅠ, and OCN were detected through real time-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and the protein expression of P-p38MAPK was observed through Western blot analysis. osterix gene was knocked down by small interfering RNA(siRNA), and Osterix protein expression was determined through Western blot. The mRNA expression levels of ALP, COL I, and OCN were identified through RT-PCR. Results Mechanical tension force could promote the mRNA expression of ALP, COL I, OCN, and osterix. osterix silencing could decrease the mRNA expression of ALP, COL I, and OCN. Western blot revealed that the protein expression levels of Osterix and P-p38MAPK in the strain group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05). The mRNA expression of ALP, COL I, OCN, and osterix decreased after SB203580 was used. Conclusion Intermittent mechanical strain promotes the osteogenic differentiation of BMSC via the p38MAPK-Osterix pathways. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Measurement of the maxillary first molar area palatal side bone plate by cone-beam computer tomography and its clinical significance Xu Xun, Huang Jiansheng, Gan Zekun, Luo Zhen. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  686-690.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.012 Abstract ( 883 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF（pc） (2074KB) ( 440 )   Save Objective Collected cone-beam computer tomography(CBCT) data, to provide anatomia basis for clinical application of implants in the maxillary first molar area palatal side bone by measuring the maxillary first molar area alveolar bone height and width along the vertical direction and the palatal transverse plate. Methods A total of 169 patients evaluated by CBCT scans were included in the date bank of Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital were analyzed. Both height and width of the alveolar bone in the edentulous area of maxillary first molars and that of the alveolar bone of maxillary first molars were repeatedly measured three times every two weeks to get mean value. Results Mean alveolar bone height and width of the first molar was respectively 9.33 mm and 13.28 mm. Mean alveolar bone height and width of 90 patients with first molar loss was respectively 6.99 mm and 8.93 mm. There were 28 patients with less than 5.0 mm height of alveolar bone. With 3.5 mm, 4.0 mm and 4.5 mm respectively defined as the minimum width, compared with vertical direction, more bone mass were respectively obtained in 10 patients(35.7%), 9 patients(32.1%) and 6 patients(21.4%) when measuring in lateral direction of the palate. Conclusion With the maxillary first molar lost, more bone mass can be obtained in some patients along the lateral direction of the palate, which could provide basis for clinical application of implants in the maxillary first molar area palatal side bone. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Observation of accessory mental foramen within population born in Sichuan Sun Xu, Liang Xing, Zhang Li, Wen Cai, Zhao Ying, Lai Suiping Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  691-695.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.013 Abstract ( 604 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF（pc） (2432KB) ( 229 )   Save Objective The aim of this study was to provide anatomical data for clinical mandibular surgery and implant surgery in mental foramen(MF) area by observation of anatomical data of accessory mental foramina(AMF) of Sichuan population with application of cone beam CT(CBCT).Methods A sample of 890 cases’ CBCT data were obtained from patients visited West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University. The prevalence of AMF, diameter, diameter of corresponding ipsilateral MF, ratio between diameters of AMF and corresponding ipsilateral MF, the distance and relative position to corresponding ipsilateral MF and relative position to the adjacent teeth were observed and measured by a pro-fessional dentist. All data was statistically analyzed by statistical software SPSS 20.0. Results The incidence of AMF in Sichuan population was 6.63%. The mean diameters of AMF and their corresponding ipsilateral MF were (1.65±0.25) mm and (3.84±0.64) mm. The ratio of mean diameters of AMF to corresponding ipsilateral MF was 0.4±0.1. The mean central distance of AMF to corresponding ipsilateral MF was (5.45±0.85) mm. The relative position of AMF to adjacent anatomical structures varied greatly and mostly located posterior inferior position and anterior superior position to corresponding ipsilateral MF, as well as, between the second premolar and first molar. Conclusion The incidence of AMF in Sichuan population was high; the mean diameter was 1.65 mm, and the relative position to corresponding ipsilateral MF and adjacent teeth was diverse. In clinical implant surgery in MF area and surgery in MF area, dentists should pay attention to the existence of AMF. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical evaluation of press occlusal veneer Wei Xu, Yang Yun, Zhang Kai, Sun Fangfang. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  696-700.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.014 Abstract ( 808 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF（pc） (7155KB) ( 331 )   Save Objective This study aimed to evaluate the short-term clinical performance of IPS e.max Press occlusal veneer for single posterior tooth. Methods A total of 28 patients, including 35 posterior teeth(18 severe wear teeth and 17 occlusal defect posterior teeth after root canal treatment), were restored with IPS e.max Press occlusal veneer. The restorations were evaluated by modified United States Public Health Service criteria at baseline 1, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. The chi-square test was used to analyze the survival rate. Results The anatomical form, marginal adaption, soft tissue health, secondary caries, and proximal contact points of the restorations were good during 36 months. Two mandibular premolars’ occlusal veneers were lost at 24 months. However, chi-square test shows no significant difference between the time points. The A score percentage was above 90%. Conclusion The occlusal veneer fabricated by IPS e.max Press for severe wear posterior tooth and occlusal defect posterior tooth after root canal treatment demonstrates satisfactory clinical performance in the short term. It is a new minimally invasive dentistry method for posterior tooth defect. Nonetheless, further study is needed for its long-term outcome. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The receptive and expressive language abilities in children with nonsyndromic cleft palate Yang Feng, Shu Huang, McPherson Bradley Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  701-706.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.015 Abstract ( 814 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF（pc） (1060KB) ( 419 )   Save Objective To observe the language skills in children with non-syndromic cleft palate(NSCP) in urban area. Methods Standardized diagnostic language assessments were conducted in 54 children with NSCP who lived in urban area. Subjects with the educational level of the guardian/caregiver equals grade nine and above were defined as subgroup NSCP-A, and those with the educational level of the guardian/caregiver lower than grade nine were defined as subgroup NSCP-B. Total language ability, receptive and expressive, semantic and syntax of the subjects were scored. Results were analyzed and compared to the sex/age matched normal control groups. Results Children in NSCP groups were found to be scored significantly(P<0.05) lower in expressive language and syntax tests than the normal control group, respectively. The syntax scores in subgroup NSCP-B children with NSCP were found below the normal range, implied that lower caregiver’s educational level could cause more negative impact on the syntax ability of children with NSCP. Con-clusion Children with NSCP could have impaired expre-ssive language and syntax skills and their ability for pro-cessing and using complex language structures could be affected by the educational level of the caregivers. Findings of the present study indicated that early assessment and interventions for language skills in children with NSCP should be conducted as components of the team approach. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Clinical application of botulinum toxin type A in oral and maxillofacial region She Yangyang, Nong Xiaolin. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  707-711.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.016 Abstract ( 680 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF（pc） (1165KB) ( 344 )   Save Botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A) is a kind of exotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum which works by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Recent studies have found that BTX-A can be used in the oral and maxillofacial plastic surgery and the treatment of some oral diseases, providing a new method and a new direction for alternative treatment of oral diseases. The present review focuses on the mechanism, clinical application in the oral and maxillofacial region, operation cautions, contraindications and treatment of BTX-A. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of laser applications in orthodontics Chen Jing, Huang Xiaofeng. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  712-716.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.017 Abstract ( 960 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF（pc） (1126KB) ( 518 )   Save In recent years, lasers which are applied in dental clinics have attracted certain concern among orthodontists. Great progress has been recorded in the laser applications in orthodontics, such as the prevention of enamel demineralization, soft tissue treatment, pain relief, enamel etching, removal of bracket binder, and promoting tooth movement. This review presents an overview of the laser applications at home and abroad. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on application of laser pulpotomy in primary teeth Luo Wei, Chen Ke. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  717-720.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.018 Abstract ( 772 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF（pc） (1117KB) ( 367 )   Save Pulpotomy treatment in preserving the vitality of primary tooth and prolonging its life till the permanent successor erupts. At the moment, there is no the most appropriate pulpotomy. For children, the physiological and psychological special groups, laser is a kind of newly developed method, especially on the soft tissue cutting, local hemostasis, etc.. The aim of this article is to undertake a review: the progress research on application of different kinds of laser pulpotomy in primary teeth. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the techniques to reduce excess cement around implant crowns Xia Ting, Shi Bin. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  721-725.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.019 Abstract ( 1011 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF（pc） (1126KB) ( 1075 )   Save Cement-retained implant-supported restorations are widely used in clinics. The relationship between excess cement and peri-implant diseases have been widely investigated. Reducing excess cement around implant-retained restorations is a problem that dentists are concerned about. This is a review of the techniques to reduce excess cement around implant crowns. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on adaptation evaluation methods for fixed prosthesis Li Xuesheng, Li Hongbo Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  726-730.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.020 Abstract ( 598 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF（pc） (1128KB) ( 405 )   Save Fixed prosthesis is one of the most commonly used methods in dental clinic. Its unique aesthetic performance and comfortable feeling is better than the removable prosthesis, so it is widely used in clinic. The adaptation is the degree of tightness between the tissue surface of the prosthesis and the tooth prepared surface, which reflects the degree of the restoration of the prosthesis and the precision of the prosthesis. It is an important index to detect the material properties, the quality of the prosthesis and the success of clinical ativity. Now there are many kinds of perfect evaluation methods to evaluate the adaptation of the fixed prosthesis, such as clinical direct exploration and visual examinations, silicone replica technique, direct measurement with a microscope, sectioning, Micro-CT, etc.. This paper will make a systematic review of the research progress of these common methods, and provide some reference value for future research. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status of immediate implant placement and provisionalization in esthetics zone Ma Quanquan, Cai Xiaoxiao. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  731-736.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.021 Abstract ( 1131 )   HTML ( 32 )   PDF（pc） (1064KB) ( 677 )   Save Nowadays, implant denture has become an important method to restore the loss of natural teeth. Traditional implant placement and restoration undergo a long process of treatment. However, with the accelerated pace of life, immediate implant has gradually become a hot spot in recent years. Immediate implant and immediate provisionalization has the advantages of shortening the treatment period, reducing patients’ visits and the maintenance of soft and hard tissues. Esthetics zone was defined as any dentoalveolar segment that is visible upon full smile, which plays an important role in patients’ social life. In this paper, we summarize the indications and contraindications of immediate implant, the choice of implant type, minimally invasive tooth extraction, the bone defect and its repair, the effects and production ways of temporary crown and prospect for the future development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Immediate reconstruction of orbital floor defect after maxillary tumor resection Qiao Xianghe, Li Longjiang. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (6):  737-742.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.06.022 Abstract ( 834 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF（pc） (1131KB) ( 347 )   Save Total maxillectomy is always necessary for the surgical treatment of maxillary and maxillary sinus tumor. The resulting orbital floor defect may cause serious complications, such as diplopia, enophthalmos, and ectropion, which lead to both severe functional problems and periorbital deformities seriously affecting the patients’ physical and mental health and quality of life. A variety of methods have been developed to reconstruct orbital floor defects, including nonvascularized and vascularized bone grafts, soft-tissue flaps in conjunction with maxillofacial prostheses, and biological materials. In this article, various methods for orbital floor reconstruction after total maxillectomy are summarized, including the advantages and disadvantages. References | Related Articles | Metrics