国际口腔医学杂志

国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (6): 806-815.doi: 10.7518/gjkq.2025097

• 综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

口腔及肠道微生物与儿童全身系统性疾病的相关性研究进展

冯涵果1,2,3(),饶南荃1,2,3,曾馨仪1,2,3,余思源1,2,3,刘娟1,2,3()   

  1. 1.昆明医科大学附属口腔医院儿童口腔科 昆明 650106
    2.云南省口腔医院儿童口腔科 昆明 650106
    3.云南省口腔医学重点实验室 昆明医科大学口腔医学院 昆明 650106
  • 收稿日期:2024-10-10 修回日期:2025-01-07 出版日期:2025-11-01 发布日期:2025-10-23
  • 通讯作者: 刘娟
  • 作者简介:冯涵果，硕士，Email：fenghanguo2022@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家临床重点专科儿童口腔科建设项目(20230610);云南省教育厅科学研究基金(2025J0168);国家临床重点专科儿童口腔科建设项目临床科研青年基金项目(EYQ2024002)

Research progress on the relationship among oral microbiota, gut microbiota, and systemic diseases in children

Hanguo Feng1,2,3(),Nanquan Rao1,2,3,Xinyi Zeng1,2,3,Siyuan Yu1,2,3,Juan Liu1,2,3()   

  1. 1.Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, China
    2.Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650106, China
    3.Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, China
  • Received:2024-10-10 Revised:2025-01-07 Online:2025-11-01 Published:2025-10-23
  • Contact: Juan Liu
  • Supported by:
    National Key Clinical Specialty Development Project of Pediatric Dentistry Division(20230610);Scienti-fic Research Project of Education Department of Yunnan Province(2025J0168);Clinical Scientific Research Project of National Key Clinical Specialty Development Project of Pediatric Dentistry Division(EYQ2024002)

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摘要：

口腔是消化道的起点。患有全身系统性疾病的个体肠道中，口腔来源的细菌水平增加。口腔微生物可以通过多种途径作用于肠道，导致肠道微生物失调和胃肠黏膜损伤等。与成人相比，儿童的口腔和肠道微生物随自身生长发育而不断发展，对外界刺激更加敏感。儿童期是微生物干预的重要时期。本文对口腔、肠道微生物的建立和发展，以及两者在儿童全身系统性疾病中的作用关系进行综述，为疾病的预防、诊断和治疗提供新的思路。

关键词: 口腔微生物, 肠道微生物, 儿童, 系统性疾病

Abstract:

The oral cavity is a gateway to the gastrointestinal tract. The relative abundance of common oral bacteria in the intestine of individuals with systemic diseases increases. The oral microbiota interact with the intestinal microbiota, which induces intestinal dysbiosis and intestinal mucosa damage. Compared with the oral and intestinal microbiota of adults, those of children are more sensitive to external stimuli, and they change dynamically with growth and development. Childhood may be the critical time for microbiota interventions to prevent diseases. This review discusses the establishment and development of oral and intestinal microbiota. The relationship between oral microbiota and intestinal microbiota in children with systemic diseases is also determined. This review offers new avenues for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.

Key words: oral microbiomes, gastrointestinal microbiomes, children, system diseases

中图分类号: 

  • R725.9

表 1

与儿童肥胖相关的口腔、肠道微生物及其代谢产物"

作者

研究对象

年龄/国家

检测方法口腔肠道
Ma等[25]3~5岁/中国对唾液、粪便样本进行第3代长距离DNA测序

微生物多样性↑，F/B↑；

丁酸弧菌属（Butyrivibrio）↑，异普雷沃菌属（Alloprevotella）↓

微生物多样性↓，F/B↑；

梭菌纲（Clostridia）、瘤胃球菌科（Ruminococcaceae）和Faecalibacterium↑，拟杆菌门、克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella）和柠檬酸杆菌属（Citrobacter）↓

Mameli等[26]10~12岁/意大利对唾液样本进行16S rDNA测序

微生物丰富度↓；

变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）和Negativicutes↓

/
Mervish等[27]10~17岁/美国对唾液样本进行16S rRNA测序

微生物丰富度↓；

巨球形菌属（Megasphaera）↑，乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）↓

/
Li等[28]8~12岁/中国对粪便样本进行16S rRNA测序/

微生物丰富度↓，F/B↑；

厚壁菌门、梭菌纲、普雷沃菌属和肠杆菌科（Enterobacteriaceae）↑，拟杆菌门、双歧杆菌目（Bifidobacteriales）、Akkermansia muciniphila和乳杆菌属↓

Wei等[29]6~9岁/中国对粪便样本进行16S rRNA测序、高效液相色谱检测/布劳特菌属（Blautia）和罗氏菌属（Rothia）↑，Ruminococcus gavus和Flavonifractor lasttii↓，SCFAs↑

表 2

与儿童T1D相关的口腔、肠道微生物及其代谢产物"

作者

研究对象

年龄/国家

检测方法口腔肠道
Wang等[12]7~11岁/中国对口咽、粪便样本进行16S rRNA测序链球菌属、普雷沃菌属、纤毛菌属（Leptotrichia）和奈瑟球菌属（Neisseria）↑布劳特菌属、拟杆菌属和Eubacterium_hallii↑，氨基酸生成、脂肪酸代谢和核苷酸糖生物合成↑
Yuan等[36]3~15岁/中国对唾液样本进行16S rRNA 测序

微生物丰富度和多样性↓；

厚壁菌门、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、链球菌属、奈瑟球菌属↑；拟杆菌门、韦荣球菌属、普雷沃菌属和梭杆菌属（Fusobacterium）↓

/
Ho等[37]9~5岁/加拿大对粪便样本进行16S rRNA测序/

微生物多样性↑；

链球菌属、Roseburia inulinivorans和Faecalibacterium↑

Yuan等[38]5~11岁/中国分别对粪便、血液样本进行16S rRNA测序和代谢组学分析/

微生物丰富度和多样性↓；

厚壁菌门和Escherichia shigella↑，拟杆菌门、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、Faecalibacterium和布劳特菌属↓，丁酸盐生成和胆汁酸代谢↓，LPS生物合成↑

表 3

与儿童IBD相关的口腔、肠道微生物及其代谢产物"

作者研究对象年龄/国家检测方法口腔肠道
Monleón-Getino等[45]6~18岁/西班牙对唾液、粪便样本进行宏基因组学研究

微生物多样性↓；

缓症链球菌（Streptococcus mitis）↑

微生物多样性↓；

缓症链球菌和血链球菌（Streptococcus sanguinis）↑ ，脆弱拟杆菌（Bacteriodes fragilis）↓

Elmaghrawy等[46]9~14 岁/爱尔兰对舌背微生物进行16S rRNA测序

微生物丰富度和多样性↓；

链球菌属、乳杆菌属和卟啉单胞菌属（Porphyromonas）↑，韦荣球菌属、口腔杆菌属（Oribacterium）、普雷沃菌属和梭杆菌属↓

/
Shaw等[47]≤17 岁/美国对粪便样本进行16S rRNA测序/

微生物多样性↓；

Akkermansia、梭杆菌属和韦荣球菌属↑，粪球菌属（Coprococcus）和Faecalibacterium↓，粪便钙卫蛋白水平↑

Schirmer等[48]4~16岁/美国对粪便样本进行16S rRNA测序，直肠活检和血清学分析/

微生物多样性↓；

咽峡炎链球菌（Streptococcus anginosus）、小韦荣菌（Veillonella parvula）、副流感嗜血杆菌（Haemophilus parainfluenzae）↑ ，毛螺旋菌科（Lachnospiraceae）↓，粪便钙卫蛋白水平↑，免疫球蛋白 A、抗外膜孔蛋白↓

表 4

与儿童乳糜泻相关的口腔、肠道微生物及其代谢产物"

作者研究对象年龄/国家检测方法口腔肠道
Francavilla等[53]8~11岁/意大利对唾液样本进行16S rRNA测序和代谢组学分析血链球菌属、卟啉单胞菌属属、南锡普雷沃菌（Prevotella nanceiensis）↑，新月形单胞菌属（Selenomonas）、小韦荣菌↓，挥发性有机化合物、醇类和酚类↓/
Ercolini等[54]7~9岁/意大利对唾液样本进行16S rRNA测序

微生物多样性↓；

短链小球菌属（Granulicatella）、卟啉单胞菌属和奈瑟球菌属↑，梭菌属、韦荣球菌属和普雷沃菌属↓，氨基酸、维生素和辅助因子代谢↑

/
Leonard等[55]≤1 岁/英国对粪便样本进行宏基因组学、代谢组学分析/肠球菌属（Enterococcus）↑，链球菌属、韦荣球菌属↓，羟基苯乙酸↑，叶酸生物合成↓
Girdhar等[56]2~5岁/美国对粪便样本进行16S rRNA测序、代谢组学分析/瘤胃球菌科、梭菌属↑，Akkermansia、普雷沃菌属↓

表 5

与儿童ASD相关的口腔、肠道微生物及其代谢产物"

作者研究对象年龄/国家检测方法口腔肠道
Kong等[7]平均15岁/美国对唾液、粪便样本进行16S rRNA测序小单胞菌属（Parvimonas）↓，芽孢杆菌纲（Bacilli）未定义的属和丙酸杆菌属（Propionibacte-rium）↑

F/B↑；

变形菌门、短链小球菌属↑，Collinsella和优杆菌属（Eubacterium）↓

Manghi等[64]平均9岁/意大利对唾液样本进行宏基因组学分析普雷沃菌属、Actinomyces hongkongensis和龋齿罗氏菌（Rothia dentocariosa）↑，多巴胺和γ-氨基丁酸降解↑，谷氨酸代谢↓/
Qiao等[65]9~11岁/中国对唾液、龈上菌斑样本进行16S rRNA测序

微生物多样性和丰富度↓；

嗜血菌属（Haemophilus）、链球菌属↓，普雷沃菌属、新月形单胞菌属、放线菌属（Actinomyces）、卟啉单胞菌属、梭杆菌属↓

/
Jones等[66]1~3岁/美国对粪便样本进行16S rRNA测序、粪便SCFA浓度分析/肠杆菌科↑，韦荣球菌属↓，SCFA↑
Dan等[67]1~13岁/中国对粪便样本进行宏基因组学和代谢组学分析/Dialister、Escherichia shigella↑，普雷沃菌属和Megamonas↓，γ-氨基丁酸前体↑，多巴胺代谢↓
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