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01 September 2017, Volume 44 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Expert Forum

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Zhang Qingbin talks about limitation of mouth opening Zhang Qingbin Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  495-502.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.001 Abstract ( 750 )   HTML ( 21 )   PDF（pc） (8598KB) ( 629 )   Save Limitation of mouth opening is a common clinical symptom. It can influence eating function, speech, oral hygiene, lead to facial symmetry, and even trigger a variety of oral diseases. This paper focuses on the common causes and corresponding treatment modalities of limited mouth opening, thus more clinical doctors could correctly understand the disease, and professionally provide effective treatment for patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Young Expert’s View

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New development in the comprehensive multidisciplinary treatment of gummy smile Zheng Wei, Li Yu Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  509-513.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.003 Abstract ( 1092 )   HTML ( 30 )   PDF（pc） (3808KB) ( 626 )   Save Gummy smile is an aesthetic disorder, which undermines a person’s smile, psychological health, and social relationships. Recent in-depth studies on the etiology of gummy smile have resulted in the development of comprehensive multidisciplinary approaches to treat this disorder. These approaches, especially the most commonly used surgeries, will be reviewed in this article. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Periodontitis

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Research progress on the correlation between chronic periodontitis and neurodegenerative diseases Li Lin, Wang Dan, Zhao Manzhu, Tang Ming Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  514-518.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.004 Abstract ( 683 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF（pc） (1137KB) ( 412 )   Save Neurodegenerative diseases mainly encompass Alzheimer’s disease(AD), Parkinson’s disease(PD), Huntington’s disease(HD) and etc, characterized by progressive movement disorder, sensory disturbance and cognitive dysfunctin, which mostly develop in the elderly and there is no effective cure measures. Accumulating researches have demonstrated that neuroinflammation, systemic inflammationand immune disorder may be involved in onset and development of the diseases. Studies have shown that as a local bacterial infectious disease, chronic periodontitis possibly affect neurodegenerative diseases by periodontal pathogens, inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. This review focuses on the correlation between chronic periodontitis and neurodegenerative diseases, for providing a new idea for prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Immune evasion strategies of Porphyromonas gingivalis via gingipains Li Gege, Pan Jiahui, Tang Qiuling, Liu Xinchan, Hou Yubo, Yu Weixian Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  519-522.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.005 Abstract ( 1290 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF（pc） (1133KB) ( 463 )   Save The keystone-pathogen hypothesis about the etiology of periodontitis has attracted the attention of scholars in recent years. In this view, Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered as a keystone pathogen in the pathogenic progression of periodontitis. Gingipains generated by Porphyromonas gingivalis are key virulence factors, which could assist Porphyromonas gingivalis to escape the killing effects of macrophages, neutrophils and complement system. The aim of this literature review is to discuss the immune evasion strategies ofPorphyromonas gingivalis via gingipains. The exposition of this important mechanism may provide a further understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of gingipains, and lay a foundation for exploring new methods for the prevention and treatment of periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of epigenetics and its regulation on periodontal disease Liu Shuang, Li Shu. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  523-527.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.006 Abstract ( 775 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF（pc） (1118KB) ( 500 )   Save Epigenetics is defined as not involved in the change of the DNA sequence, but through mitosis and meiosis of the genetic changes in the genetics of the field, and its regulatory mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling and non-encoding RNA regulation. The pathogeny of periodontal disease is complex, and it is difficult to achieve functional regeneration of alveolar bone. Epigenetic plays an important role in the development of inflammation and the promotion of bone regeneration. It will be an important research field in the future and have important clinical significance to prevent the occurrence of periodontal disease and make the functional regeneration of alveolar bone possible from the perspective of the epigenetic and its regulation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the relationship between monocytes phagocyte system and periodontitis Huang Yuehua, Tang Xiaolin Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  528-532.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.007 Abstract ( 702 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF（pc） (1107KB) ( 279 )   Save The monocyte phagocytic system is an important member of host defense systems. This system plays a key role in immunological homeostasis, defense, and surveillance. Periodontitis is an inflammatory and destructive disease in periodontal support tissues. The monocyte phagocytic system plays an important role in development of periodontitis. This paper aims to review the relationship between monocyte phagocytic system and periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of macrophages polarization in the onset and development of periodontitis via Porphyromonas gingivalis Pan Jiahui, Tang Qiuling, Li Gege, Hou Yubo, Yu Weixian Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  533-537.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.008 Abstract ( 743 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF（pc） (1216KB) ( 461 )   Save Porphyromonas gingivalis is the main pathogen causing periodontitis. Once invaded by Porphyromonas gingivalis, periodontal tissues become infiltrated by large amounts of inflammatory cells and undergo inflammation as macrophages polarize. Macrophages are characterized by considerable plasticity and can be divided into distinct functional cell phenotypes in different microenvironments. Polarized macrophages are essential for the onset and development of periodontitis. They can release a large number of inflammatory factors to damage periodontal tissues and produce some bactericidal substances to inhibit and kill pathogenic microbes. This review presents the role of macrophage polarization in the onset and development of periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Orthodontics

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Research progress on constitutive model of periodontal ligament Wang Yaojun, Yan Bin, Wang Lin. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  538-543.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.009 Abstract ( 632 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF（pc） (1141KB) ( 295 )   Save Tooth movement causes deformation of periodontal ligament(PDL). Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between these factors and aid in treatment of orthodontic problems. Constitutive models bear significance in studies of stress-strain behavior of PDL. Several constitutive models, such as linear elasticity constitutive model and non-linear elasticity constitutive model, were proposed. However, these models remain controversial given the inaccuracy of relevant experimental results for PDL in vivo and in vitro. In this study, types of constitutive model and experiments of PDL are critically reviewed and prospected. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the effects of orthodontic treatment on the upper airway Xu Jing, Zhang Xiaorong Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  544-449.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.010 Abstract ( 740 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF（pc） (1053KB) ( 408 )   Save The upper airway, which is regarded as the “lacuna of life”, is surrounded by hard and soft tissues and plays a very important role in breathing and phonating. The hard and soft tissues around the upper airway affect its size, patency, and morphology, which in turn affect normal breathing and sleeping. The upper and lower jaws and the soft tissues can be changed by orthodontic treatment, which changes the morphology and physiological function of the upper airway. In recent years, with a deeper understanding of sleep-related breathing disorders, research on the effects of the orthodontic treatment on the upper airway has become very popular. This paper illustrates recent studies on the progress of orthodontic treatment effects on the upper airway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the relationship between the floor of maxillary sinus and orthodontic tooth movement Chen Yaqun, Xie Yijia, Hu Zhou, Zhao Qing Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  550-554.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.011 Abstract ( 2036 )   HTML ( 49 )   PDF（pc） (1108KB) ( 979 )   Save The floor of maxillary sinus is tightly connected with the posterior teeth. The existence of maxillary sinus hampers the closure of the space of the maxillary after tooth extraction, and aligning the roots near the extraction site is another challenging task. This phenomenon may lead to root absorption. The maxillary sinus also increases the difficulties of intrusion for open-bite patients with excessive posterior tooth eruption or excessive vertical growth of the dentoalveolar complex, especially in the region of the posterior maxillary molar, and patients with elongation of the maxillary molar after missing the posterior mandibular teeth. We examined numerous domestic and foreign reports on the relationship between the floor of maxillary sinus and orthodontic tooth movement. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Original Articles

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The construction of clinical outcome evaluation system for dental implant patients with diabetes and their nursing care Du Shufang, Tang Hua Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  555-558.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.012 Abstract ( 641 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF（pc） (1054KB) ( 154 )   Save Objective This study compares perio-implant clinical indexes, implant feasibility, and bone resorption of patients with and without diabetes at different post-surgery periods and aims to construct a clinical outcome evaluation system for diabetic implant patients and provide reference data for post-surgery care.Methods A total of 30 implant patients with missing upper molar were selected; 15 were diabetic patients. Plaque index(PLI) and sulcus bleeding index(SBI) were recorded accordingly before surgery, 1 week post-surgery, and 3 months post-surgery. Implant mobility and bone resorption were measured immediately after surgery, 1 week post-surgery, and 3 months post-surgery. Results Results showed statistically significant differences among four indexes between the two groups(P<0.01).Conclusion PLI and SBI of diabetic patients were higher than those of regular patients. Diabetic patients presented higher implant mobility and bone resorption than the control group. These indicators can also be used to establish an implant clinical prognosis evaluation system for diabetic patients based on prespectived assessment of implants. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional finite element analysis of premolars restored with master fiber post-combined with auxiliary fiber post Zhang Xiao, Deng Qingwan, Du Qiong, Xie Jing Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  559-565.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.013 Abstract ( 566 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF（pc） (2395KB) ( 220 )   Save Objective This study aims to compare stresses of the mandibular first premolar restored with master fiber post only or combined with auxiliary fiber post.Methods A total of 19 normal mandibular first premolars were selected and scanned by cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT). Premolars with flat root canal were selected and treated using standard randomized controlled trial procedures and post-space preparation. Then, a repeat CBCT scan was conducted on the prepared tooth. Three-dimensional models were established according to results of CBCT scan. The model using the master fiber post only was named A, and another model that used master fiber post in combination with auxiliary post was labeled B. Two models were loaded in three different directions, and corresponding stress distributions were analyzed. Results After comparing A and B, results showed that stress distribution between tooth tissue and fiber post features no significant difference with loading force angle and long axis of tooth. Peak value of von Mises stress in models A and B increased significantly as loading angle increased.Conclusion Auxiliary fiber post poses minimal influence on premolar restoration after exposure to stress. However, this influence intensifies on loading angles. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of nasopalatine canal anatomy at maxillary anterior region in Chengdu normal population Yuan Yihang, Zhang Chengxiaoxue, Wang Yang, He Shuangshuang, Song Xuejuan, Wang Hu. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  566-572.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.014 Abstract ( 903 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF（pc） (1918KB) ( 306 )   Save Objective To provide an anatomical guidance for surgical operations, we evaluated the general anatomical morphology of nasopalatine canal(NPC) and maxillary anterior region.Methods Seven hundred and twelve cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT) images of normal people were collected. Three experienced oral radiologists used INFINITT software to evaluate the relevant parameters of the NPC and labial bone. Results Seven hundred and twelve subjects ranged in age from 5 to 80, including 306 males(43.0%) and 406 females(57.0%). The mean length of the NPC was (13.58±2.22) mm, the mean diameter was (3.37±1.58) mm and the mean thickness of labial bone was (7.63±1.50) mm. The ratio of the thickness between NPC and labial bone is 0.46±0.19, and the ratio of their length is 0.69±0.10.Conclusion The study revealed statistically significant differences in the diameter of the NPC, length of the NPC and thickness of the labial bone. The mean diameter of the NPC was shorter(P<0.000 1) and the labial bone was thicker(P<0.000 1) in children. We also found that the mean length and diameter of the NPC had a trend to become longer with age, while the labial bone became thinner. Additionally, our study showed that gender exerted a significant influence upon the NPC and the labial bone, with larger values in males than in females. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application of macrostomia with multiple skinflaps Lin Wenxiong, Su Zhenmin, Wang Chenghe, Liu Chang-jiang, Wu Yaying. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  573-575.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.015 Abstract ( 537 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF（pc） (2430KB) ( 232 )   Save Objective This study aims to investigate the effect of the correction of macrastomia with multiple skin flaps.Methods Eight cases with multiple skin-flap skin closure were treated. The ring structure of musculus orbicularis oris were reconstructed. In addition, the functional muscle trimming of the major zygomatic, buccinator, and other mimetic muscles were executed. Results All of the eight cases achieved satisfactory static and dynamic results.Conclusion The method for maccrostomia correction with multiple skin flaps can achieve an aesthetic oral commissure effect. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Subtotal maxillary reconstruction using one vascularized fibular osteomyocutaneous flap segment through modified lateral lip-submandibular approach Lou Huiquan, Wang Weihong, Xu Biao, Zhang Bojun. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  576-579.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.016 Abstract ( 594 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF（pc） (3113KB) ( 156 )   Save Objective This study demonstrates subtotal maxillary reconstruction using one vascularized fibular osteomyocutaneous flap segment through the modified lateral lip-submandibular approach.Methods Eleven patients who were suffering from subtotal maxillary defects and who underwent maxillary reconstruction using one vascularized fibular osteomyocutaneous flap segment through modified lateral lip-submandibular approach were reviewed. Results Healing courses were uneventful in all cases; furthermore, acceptable maxillomandibular relationship, mouth opening, and speech were assessed as normal in all cases. No long-term functional limitation of the lower limb was reported even though all complained of big toe dysfunction, which eventually developed to a claw toe deformity. Other complications, such as diplopia, ectropion, facial paralysis, and sensory numbness in the lower lip, did not occur.Conclusion Subtotal maxillary reconstruction using one vascularized fibular osteomyocutaneous flap segment through the modified lateral lip-submandibular approach is a feasible and acceptable technique because of multiple advantages. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Research progress on the effect of gingival biotype to implant aesthetic problems Fan Shengzi, Xie Zhigang. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  580-582.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.017 Abstract ( 699 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF（pc） (1051KB) ( 291 )   Save Common aesthetic problems and approaches in which such problems can be dealt with after implant restoration have been receiving increasing attention from scholars. Gingival biotype is a major influencing factor of aesthetics after im-plant restoration and of the long-term stability and aesthetics of soft and hard tissues around implants. Preoperative assess-ment of gingival biotype has an important clinical significance. According to the concept of the gingival biotype, this paper illustrates its aesthetic influence on gingival recession and pink aesthetic as well as soft and hard tissues around implants. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Factors affecting the variation of incisor sheet thickness of a custom-made mouthguard during fabrication Zhu Yuanbing, Wang Jun Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  583-586.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.018 Abstract ( 569 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF（pc） (1099KB) ( 359 )   Save A mouthguard is a protective device that can buffer impact force and reduce the risk of maxillofacial trauma. A custom-made mouthguard enjoys great popularity owing to its superior comfort and stress dispersion effect. A mouthguard sheet is heated, then becomes soft, and stretches during fabrication; this process makes the mouthguard thinner and less effective. Accordingly, we will make a brief review of the factors(including hardness, shape, and surface design of sheets; thickness and position angle of work model; laminating methods; and shape of holding tray, holding condition, and distance between holding tray and work model) that affect the thickness variation of the incisal region of a custom-made mouthguard. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on smoking-related disease models Fang Li, Wang Xiang, Wang Wenmei. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  587-590.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.019 Abstract ( 553 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF（pc） (1101KB) ( 203 )   Save Smoking can impair various systems of body, such as respiratory system, digestive system, cardiovascular system, reproductive system, and so on. The recent study on smoking-related disease models mainly focuses on in vitro cell model, animal model and clinical specimen model. Smoking-related disease models are reviewed in this paper. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the application of graphene oxide in the field of biomedicine Wang Ting, Ge Shaohua. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  591-595.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.020 Abstract ( 1112 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF（pc） (1110KB) ( 337 )   Save Graphene oxide(GO) is a chemically modified composite material of graphene by oxygen-containing functional groups. In addition to excellent chemical and physical properties of graphene, GO can provide larger surface area, promote stem cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and has unique biocompatibility and antibacterial properties, resulting in broad prospects of application in the field of biomedicine. This article reviews the progress of graphene oxide on drug and protein delivery, bone tissue engineering, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial actions, and the possible toxic and side effects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between Toll-like receptor 9 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Zhang Xu, Xu Enxin, Ruan Min. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  596-601.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.021 Abstract ( 453 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF（pc） (1124KB) ( 198 )   Save Chronic inflammation has close relation with the occurrence and development of malignant neoplasms, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC). Toll-like receptor(TLR) may play an important role in this process. Toll-like receptor is a kind of the pattern recognition receptors which mediates the innate immune response by recognizing the pathogen-associated molecular pattern. High expression of TLR9 is found in some malignant neoplasms, including HNSCC, and has the ability to promote the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. As one of the key factors in the control network of the inflammation-related carcinogenesis, the potential molecular mechanism of TLR9 as well as the TLR9 based anti-tumor target therapy has been the hotspot in tumor research. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Etiology and preventions of bleaching sensitivity in vital tooth Xue Shuyin, Ye Ling. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  602-607.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.022 Abstract ( 574 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF（pc） (1124KB) ( 474 )   Save Bleaching sensitivity(BS) is the primary side effect during and after vital tooth bleaching, which influenced patients’ comfort and satisfaction, or increased the safety concerns for vital bleaching. This article reviews the clinical characteristics, etiology, potential influencing factors and preventions of BS. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on CD24 in stomatology Liang Jing, Wang Kai, Wu Jiayuan Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  608-613.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.023 Abstract ( 962 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF（pc） (1124KB) ( 274 )   Save CD24 is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed in pre-B cells, T cells, neurons, muscle cells, and carcinoma cells. Many researchers reported that CD24 plays an important role in inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. The function of this protein remains unclear. However, CD24 may be involved in various oral diseases. Hence, this study summarizes major findings associated with CD24 to stimulate new ideas that can be used for further research and reveal underlying links among diverse processes mediated by CD24. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the crosstalk between Hippo/YAP signaling pathway and cell proliferation-related signaling pathways Wang Qi, Chen Xiyan, Wen Yong. Inter J Stomatol. 2017, 44 (5):  614-618.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2017.05.024 Abstract ( 2488 )   HTML ( 21 )   PDF（pc） (1152KB) ( 591 )   Save Hippo/YAP signaling pathway was discovered in Drosophila firstly. It is highly conserved in mammals and can regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis directly or indirectly, which can keep the homeostasis and size of organs in vivo. YAP can act as a transcription coactivator in Hippo signaling pathway with some moleculars in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT), Wnt/β-catenin and extracellular signal-regulated kinases(ERK) 1/2. Hippo pathway is involved in the complex signaling pathway net, as a crosstalk between Hippo and other proliferation-related signaling pathways exists, which regulates cell proliferation. In this study, we summarize the research progress of the effect and mechanism of this crosstalk between coactivator YAP in Hippo signaling pathway and signaling pathways-controlled proliferation. References | Related Articles | Metrics