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01 May 2026, Volume 53 Issue 3 Previous Issue   

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Research advances in interrupting dental caries and related technologies and materials Xu Zhang Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  297-307.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026121 Abstract ( 76 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF（pc） (1704KB) ( 40 )   Save Dental caries is a common chronic infectious disease in the oral cavity, and it is closely associated with va-rious systemic diseases. The introduction of the caries prevention theory has provided a new approach for the treatment and prevention of early-stage caries. Novel biomaterials for caries prevention should possess technical characteristics, such as actively combating cariogenic bacterial infections, promoting remineralization of dental hard tissues, and exhibi-ting good permeability, to halt disease progression in the early stages of caries and, to some extent, repair defects in dental hard tissues. In this article, the theory of caries prevention and its related techniques and materials are reviewed to provide insights for the research and development of new technologies and materials for caries prevention. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Case assessment and clinical decision-making in endodontic retreatment Jun Tian,Xi Wei,Hongyan Liu Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  308-316.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026027 Abstract ( 113 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF（pc） (1599KB) ( 77 )   Save Root canal therapy is an effective treatment for pulp and periapical diseases. However, some teeth may exhibit persistent periapical lesions, disease recurrence, or new lesions after treatment because of the complex anatomy of the root canal and technique-sensitive procedure, thus often requiring retreatment. Retreatment is challenging because of coronal restoration, root filling materials, and complications from previous treatments. This article presents a “3D” clinical decision-making framework comprising “Decide if failure,” “Decide to treat,” and “Decide treatment type” for the evaluation of the teeth, patients, and clinicians to ensure appropriate treatment selection. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Digitization

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Comparative study on the accuracy of designing the occlusal surface of mandibular first molar based on three different digital methods Shenyao Shan,Qingzhao Qin,Wenbo Li,Zixiang Gao,Aonan Wen,Yujia Zhu,Yong Wang,Yijiao Zhao Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  317-327.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026216 Abstract ( 43 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF（pc） (3267KB) ( 13 )   Save Objective This study aimed to compare the accuracy of trajectory-based personalized parameters from a fully adjustable articulator, mandibular movement trajectories, and dynamic jaw relationships. These components were evaluated to guide the design of a mandibular first molar prosthesis. The occlusal surface of the prosthesis was digitally designed through model experiments. Methods A total of 12 volunteers (4 males and 8 females) meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited, with a mean age of 29.5 years. The 3Shape Trios 3 intraoral scanner was used to obtain the ma-xillary and mandibular three-dimensional dental models of the subjects. It was also utilized to apply the patient-specific motion function for capturing the dynamic jaw relationships during protrusive, left lateral, and right lateral movements. The Zebris JMA Optic and ModjawTM mandibular movement analysis systems were also used to similarly capture the mandibular movement trajectories during the protrusive, left lateral, and right lateral movements of the subjects. Perso-nalized parameters corresponding to the fully adjustable articulator were obtained based on the mandibular movement trajectories recorded by the Zebris JMA Optic system. The mandibular first molar in the original model was virtually prepared following the occlusal veneer tooth preparation standard using reverse engineering software to obtain the mandibular working model. The occlusal surfaces of the occlusal veneers for the mandibular first molar were digitally designed with the help of fully adjustable articulator parameters (Articulator group), mandibular movement trajectories (JMA group, Modjaw group), and dynamic jaw relationships (PSM group) in the prosthetic design software. The occlusal surface morphology of the prosthesis designed by different methods was analyzed for deviation with the occlusal surface morphology of the original natural tooth of the subjects through reverse engineering software. The occlusal surface accuracy of the prosthesis designed by different methods was compared using several metrological indicators. Results The intergroup differences in average positive deviation among the Articulator, JMA, Modjaw, and PSM groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Meanwhile, the intergroup differences in average negative deviation, average de-viation, and root mean square were statistically significant (P<0.05). The average negative deviation in the Articulator group (-96.2±15.8) μm was greater than that in the JMA group (-160.1±44.4) μm, the Modjaw group (-141.6±33.2) μm, and the PSM group (-233.6±28.5) μm. The average deviation in the Articulator group (172.5±113.0) μm was greater than that in the JMA group (19.2±132.6) μm, the Modjaw group (70.3±121.3) μm, and the PSM group (-66.8±129.1) μm. Notably, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The occlusal surface morphology of the mandibular first molar prosthesis designed with the trajectory-based personalized parameters from a fully adjustable articulator, mandibular movement trajectories, and dynamic jaw relationships differed from the occlusal surface morphology of the original natural tooth. Compared with the fully adjustable articulator parameters, the occlusal surface of the prosthesis designed with mandibular movement trajectories and dynamic jaw relationships were more effective in removing occlusal interference. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of convolutional neural networks ResNet-101 and Inception-v3 for detecting three-rooted mandibular first molars in panoramic radiographs Wenyuan Zhou,Juan Fan,Zaidao Xiong,Lin Zhu,Zezheng Yu,Lu Wang,Long Jin,Panpan Zhang,Yongchun Gu Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  328-334.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026218 Abstract ( 37 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF（pc） (2259KB) ( 11 )   Save Objective This study aimed to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based deep learning system for detecting three-rooted mandibular first molars (MFMs) on panoramic radiographs and evaluate its diagnostic performance. Methods Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and panoramic radiographs were obtained from the Department of Oral Radiology. The patients were assigned into two groups. In group A, CBCT and conventional panoramic images were derived from the same patients, and the dataset comprised image patches of 1 444 MFMs (of which, 367 teeth had three roots). In group B, the patients underwent CBCT examinations in the absence of available panoramic images; CBCT images were acquired and utilized to generate simulated panoramic images, and the dataset consisted of image patches of 1 203 MFMs (of which, 283 teeth had three roots). Two CNNs (ResNet-101 and Inception-v3) were employed to classify three- and two-rooted MFMs based on training and testing with two groups of image patches. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed to assess diagnostic performance, using the CBCT examination as the gold standard. The performance of CNNs was compared with that of five dental professionals. Results Both CNN models achieved satisfactory performance in their respective evaluations. In Group A, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of ResNet-101 were 87.5%, 83.6%, and 88.9%, respectively, and the AUC value (0.908) was significantly higher than 0.857 achieved by Inception-v3 (P<0.01). Notably, the CNN models trained on CBCT-generated panoramic images (group B dataset) achieved comparable performance when tested on conventional panoramic images (group A dataset). For ResNet-101, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 85.1%, 75.8%, 88.1%, and 0.893, respectively. The five dental professionals achieved significantly lower diagnostic performance compared with CNNs, and the AUC values were 0.532-0.668. Conclusion The CNN-based deep learning system exhibited a high level of accuracy in detecting three-rooted MFMs on panoramic radiographs. CBCT-generated panoramic images can effectively replace conventional panoramic images in the training of CNN models when the quantity and quality of conventional images are inadequate. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of machine learning in caries prediction models Wei Fang,Bingwei Wang,Jun Zhang,Jing Liu Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  335-343.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026102 Abstract ( 43 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF（pc） (930KB) ( 14 )   Save Caries is one of the most common oral diseases worldwide, with serious health and socioeconomic implications. With the rapid development of machine learning technology, its application in the medical field has attracted increasing attention, and researchers have begun to explore its application in caries prediction. This study reviews the application status of machine learning in caries prediction models, including data sources, feature selection, model construction, performance evaluation, and future development directions. By analyzing the existing literature, we found that machine learning methods can play an important role in caries risk assessment, personalized intervention programs, and public health policy making. This review aims to help readers understand the potential and challenges of machine learning in caries prediction and promote further research and application in this field. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Original Articles

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A 12-month longitudinal evaluation using cone beam computed tomography in patients with mandibular odontogenic cysts Baotian Zhang,Yutao Xiong,Zhang’ao Li,Rui Ju,Wei Liu,Wei Zeng,Chang Liu,Wei Tang Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  344-351.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026215 Abstract ( 38 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF（pc） (1407KB) ( 12 )   Save Objective This study aimed to investigate the prognostic factors associated with the recurrence of mandibular odontogenic cysts post-enucleation via cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methods Patients who underwent enucleation for mandibular odontogenic cysts in West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University were retrospectively selected from 2017 to 2021. Their clinical baseline data and histological diagnoses were collected, as well as measurements (longest diameters, volumes, and grey values) based on CBCT data before the surgery and at 6 and 12 months after the surgery. Univariate analyses, repeated measures ANOVA, and multivariate Logistic regression were conducted. Results A total of 90 patients aged 38.4±15.5 years were included in this study, including 26 patients with dentigerous cysts, 30 with radicular cysts, and 34 with odontogenic keratocysts. We found a significant difference in longest diameters across three histological diagnoses over time. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that pa-thological diagnosis was the sole independent influen-cing factor for the recurrence of odontogenic cyst after enucleation. Conclusion Histological diagnosis alone was correlated with the recurrence rate. Odontogenic cysts with high recurrence rates such as odontogenic keratocysts require close follow-up. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cucurbitacin B induces ferroptosis in CAL-27 cells derived from tongue squamous cell carcinoma through the signaling pathway involving nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, solute carrier family 7 member 11, and glutathione peroxidase 4 Jianhui Lin,Wenrui Jiang,Rui Han,Xinwei Liu,Liang Zhang,Meiyun Zhou,Jincheng Xu Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  352-361.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026213 Abstract ( 31 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF（pc） (3479KB) ( 9 )   Save Objective This study aims to observe whether Cucurbitacin B (CuB) induces ferroptosis in CAL-27 cells derived from tongue squamous cell carcinoma and explore its possible mechanism. Methods CAL-27 cells were treated with different concentrations of CuB (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 μmol/L). Cell proliferation activity was detected using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method, and the median inhibition concentration (IC50) was calculated. Cell clo-ning and wound healing assays were used to detect the effects of different concentrations of CuB on the proliferation and migration of CAL-27 cells. CAL-27 cells were treated with different concentrations of CuB, and the changes in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), Fe2+, GSH, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were detected. Western blot (WB) was used to detect the expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) proteins. Results CCK-8 results showed that CuB at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 μmol/L significantly inhibited the proliferation activity of CAL-27 cells, with an IC50 of 13.93 μmol/L (P<0.001). The plate cloning assay demonstrated that CuB inhibited the cloning ability of CAL-27 cells (P<0.01). The wound healing assay revealed that CuB significantly shortened the migration distance of CAL-27 cells and inhibited their migration ability (P<0.01). The results of ROS, GSH, MDA, and Fe2+ measurements indicated that, compared with the control group, the fluorescence intensity of ROS and Fe2+ in CAL-27 cells significantly increased after CuB intervention at different concentrations. Meanwhile, the intracellular GSH content significantly decreased, and the MDA content significantly increased, which induced cellular oxidative damage. These changes could be reversed by the ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1 (P<0.01). WB results showed that CuB intervention at different concentrations significantly downregulated the expression levels of Nrf2, SLC7A11, and GPX4 proteins (P<0.05). Furthermore, the ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1 reversed the protein expression of Nrf2, SLC7A11 and GPX4 (P<0.05). Conclusion CuB can induce ferroptosis in CAL-27 cells derived from tongue squamous cell carcinoma, and its mechanism may be related to the ability of CuB to regulate the signaling pathway involving Nrf2, SLC7A11, and GPX4. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Analysis and research progress on risk factors for alveolar bone angular resorption Yi Liu,Yaping Pan Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  362-369.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026608 Abstract ( 66 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF（pc） (866KB) ( 40 )   Save Alveolar bone angular resorption, also known as vertical alveolar bone resorption, often forms infra-bony pockets. In the absence of periodontal system treatment, these sites are at increased risk of further alveolar bone loss. Thus, early prediction and timely treatment are important; nevertheless, this requires the identification of various risk factors for alveolar bone angular resorption. This article reviews the microbiological, biological, behavioral, local, systemic, and iatrogenic risk factors associated with angular resorption of alveolar bone. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in pyroptosis involved inthepathogenesis and progression of Porphyromonas gingivalis-accelerated atherosclerosis Zixiang Wu,Biyun Tan,Jinglei Zhan,Xia Li,Song Ge Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  370-380.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026018 Abstract ( 57 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF（pc） (2202KB) ( 23 )   Save Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a key periodontal pathogen, induces local inflammation and has been recently confirmed to affect the vascular system via bloodstream dissemination or inflammatory mediators, closely associating it with cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. This article provides a systematic review of the mechanisms by which P. gingivalis promotes the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis through the pyroptosis pathway. It elucidates how P. gingivalis and its virulence factors activate pyroptosis signaling in vascular-related cells such as endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, leading to the substantial production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. This cascade exacerbates vascular inflammatory responses, promotes plaque formation, and induces instability. Innovatively centered on pyroptosis, which is a critical mechanism linking infection, inflammation, and programmed cell death, this review systematically consolidates evidence on how P. gingivalis regulates pyroptosis pathways to aggravate atherosclerosis. It also reveals novel pathways through which periodontal pathogens influence systemic diseases at the molecular and cellular levels. Furthermore, the article discusses the potential value of intervention strategies targeting key steps of pyroptosis in the treatment of atherosclerosis associated with periodontitis. This review integrates recent advances in microbe-host interactions and cell death to elucidate the comorbi-dity mechanism linking periodontitis and cardiovascular disease, while providing a theoretical basis for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies against pyroptosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and application progress of absorbable material for condylar fracture fixation Xiaoge Zhao,Kun Lü Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  381-387.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026105 Abstract ( 56 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF（pc） (830KB) ( 25 )   Save The materials currently used for the open reduction and internal fixation of condylar fractures in clinical practice are titanium alloys and absorbable materials. Titanium alloys have excellent retention and stability but may interfere with magnetic resonance imaging and usually require secondary removal. Biocompatible, absorbable polymers are copolymers synthesized from absorbable monomers and their modified derivatives and can be utilized by the human body. They provide reliable retention and stability and generally do not require secondary removal unless special circumstances arise. Advances in science and technology have led to the development of ultrasound-activated absorbable polymer screws, absorbable magnesium-based metal screws, and absorbable bioceramics. These absorbable materials have demonstrated sufficient mechanical properties and clinical efficacy. This work aims to review the types, indications, technological advancements, clinical applications, and future prospects of absorbable materials. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of osteoarthritis status on drug penetration and strategies for improvement Haozhe Chen,Maoying Yang,Songsong Zhu,Nan Jiang Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  388-400.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026106 Abstract ( 47 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF（pc） (1593KB) ( 12 )   Save As a treatment approach for osteoarthritis (OA), intra-articular injection requires drugs to deeply penetrate the cartilage for effective treatment. Thus, cartilage permeability is crucial for drugs to take effect. However, the natural low-permeability structure of cartilages changes in OA, further affecting drug penetration. This study reviews the structu-ral traits of healthy hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage (noncalcified and calcified regions) and analyses OA-induced permeability changes. Intra-articular drug delivery strategies for enhancing penetration and their existing problems are further explored. This work aims to offer a new insight for research and clinical practice in OA treatment and to promote the development of intra-articular drug delivery systems for OA. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the design and process optimization of 3D-printed removable partial denture frameworks Dan Fu,Hao Li Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  401-408.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026110 Abstract ( 51 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF（pc） (800KB) ( 12 )   Save 3D printing is an advanced manufacturing process based on computer-aided design, which builds complex 3D structures through the layer-by-layer addition of materials. Owing to its high material utilization, rapid production efficiency, ability to fabricate intricate geometries, and support for personalized customization, this technology has been widely applied in the fabrication of removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks. However, the quality and performance of 3D-printed RPD frameworks are influenced by multiple factors, including material properties, process parameters, structural design, and postprocessing techniques. This review summarizes the key influencing factors and optimization strategies in the application of 3D printing for RPD framework fabrication, aiming to provide theoretical guidance and technical reference for clinical practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of occlusal forces on food impaction in fixed implant-supported restoration Jinrun Qian,Zhigang Xie,Shu Zhang,Yanan Xu Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  409-415.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026122 Abstract ( 51 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF（pc） (863KB) ( 20 )   Save Food impaction is rather common after fixed implant-supported restorations, and it significantly affects patient satisfaction. Studies have shown that occlusal factors are closely associated with the occurrence of food impaction. Abnormal factors, such as the movement of natural teeth caused by the distribution of occlusal contacts, may directly lead to the appearance of kinetic food impaction. The anterior component of occlusal force may result in the mesial drift of na-tural teeth due to the relatively fixed position of implant restorations, thereby causing static food impaction in dental implants. In this article, the role of occlusion in the pathogenesis of food impaction in natural teeth and implant restorations and the prevention and treatment of food impaction are reviewed to enhance the understanding of clinicians and provide valuable references for the clinical treatment of patients with food impaction. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the surface contamination of implant abutments and their treatment methods Xiaoxia Wang,Li Yue,Zhuoli Zhu Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  416-423.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026109 Abstract ( 52 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF（pc） (791KB) ( 18 )   Save The biological integration of implant abutments with soft tissues and the stable mechanical connection between the implant and abutment are fundamental to the optimal function and aesthetics of implant restorations. Surface contamination of implant abutments may compromise their biological integration and mechanical stability. However, no consensus has been reached regarding the cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization methods for implant abutments in dental laboratory settings. This work aims to review the literature on the prevalence and implications of surface contamination on implant abutments supplied by dental laboratories. Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization methods for implant abutments are also assessed. The objective is to inform the development of standardized predelivery hygiene protocols for implant abutments within the dental laboratory workflow. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in the impact of orthodontic interproximal enamel reduction on teeth and periodontium Jingjing Yu,Huanhuan Zhang,Xinlei Liu,Danchen Qin,Tingting Zhao,Fang Hua Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  424-432.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026221 Abstract ( 54 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF（pc） (925KB) ( 22 )   Save Interproximal enamel reduction is a common clinical strategy in orthodontic treatment. It can be used for orthodontic patients with mild to moderate dentition crowding, tooth morphology incoordination, black triangle in ante-rior tooth areas, and Bolton index imbalance. At present, the safety of interproximal enamel reduction is controversial, and a consensus on its impact on teeth and periodontium is lacking. In this article, the recent research on the effect of interproximal enamel reduction on teeth and periodontium is reviewed to provide reference for orthodontists to make clinical decisions and implementation plans. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of PANoptosis in oral diseases Xuande Zhu,Guanhui Chen Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  433-440.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026104 Abstract ( 55 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF（pc） (1625KB) ( 16 )   Save Programmed cell death (PCD) serves as a crucial mechanism for maintaining host innate immunity, homeostasis, and the balance between pathogens and the host. PANoptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death that is primarily regulated by the PANoptosome complex and concurrently exhibits the features of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Oral diseases, which significantly impact the quality of life and general health of patients, are a major concern. Interest in the underlying mechanisms of PANoptosis involved in oral diseases is currently increasing. This review explains the definition, characteristics, regulatory mechanisms of PANoptosis and its potential relationship with oral di-seases, aiming to offer possible solutions for the detection, prevention, and treatment of oral diseases. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in the regulatory role of microRNA-143/145 gene cluster in signaling pathways of oral squamous cell carcinoma Wendi Guo,Lu Qi,Xing Wang Int J Stomatol. 2026, 53 (3):  441-448.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2026220 Abstract ( 38 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF（pc） (1896KB) ( 14 )   Save Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm in the oral and maxillofacial region. Traditional surgical excision remains the primary treatment because of the lack of specific therapeutic approaches. However, the resultant oral and maxillofacial defects severely impact patients’ quality of life. Therefore, elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating OSCC development is crucial. microRNA (miRNA)-143 and miRNA-145 are aberrantly expressed in OSCC and significantly participate in its pathogenesis. Studying the expression and target gene regulation of miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 in OSCC may help clarify its molecular mechanisms, confirm their value as biomarkers and molecular targets, and provide new insights for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics