人工唾液的研究进展

doi:10.7518/gjkq.2024048

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

唾液是一种微酸性口腔液，主要由水构成，含有少量无机离子和丰富的蛋白质，这些成分使其具有特殊的流变学和生物学性质，赋予其丰富的生物学功能，对维持口腔及全身健康起重要作用。唾液减少或成分改变会导致口干症，易引发一系列口腔健康失衡，如口腔灼热，味觉改变，言语、咀嚼和吞咽困难，还会增加患龋病和牙周病等风险，严重影响患者生活质量。口干症的患病率约为20%，且患病率随年龄增长而增加，75岁以上老年人群的患病率约为50%。随着老龄化人口的增加，口干及其并发症已引发不可忽视的健康负担。人工唾液是开发用于模仿天然唾液生物学性质和功能的口腔护理产品，是对症治疗口干症的重要方法之一。安全、有效的人工唾液，对维护老年人口腔健康具有积极作用和市场前景。开发人工唾液首先要全面认识天然唾液的特性。本文系统介绍了天然唾液的成分及生物学功能，并详细描述了人工唾液的流变学行为、摩擦学性质、生物学特性以及临床应用性能等内容，以期为新型人工唾液的开发提供帮助。

关键词: 唾液, 人工唾液, 流变学行为, 摩擦学性质, 生物学特性, 临床应用

Abstract:

Saliva is a slightly acidic oral fluid, which is primarily composed of water. It also contains a small amount of inorganic ions and rich proteins, which results in its special rheological and biological properties, good biological functions, and important role in maintaining oral and systemic health. Xerostomia caused by decreased saliva flow or altered saliva composition can lead to clinically serious oral health imbalances, manifested by burning in the mouth; changes in taste; difficulty in speaking, chewing, and swallowing; and an increased risk of dental caries and periodontal disease, which seriously affect the quality of life of patients. The prevalence of xerostomia is approximately 20%, which increases to about 50% in the elderly population aged >75 years. With the increase in the aging population, xerostomia has caused a health burden that cannot be ignored. Artificial saliva is an oral care product developed to mimic the properties and functions of natural saliva, which is an important method of symptomatic treatment of xerostomia. Safe and effective artificial saliva has a positive effect and application potential in maintaining the oral health of the elderly. The development of artificial saliva begins with a comprehensive understanding of the properties of natural saliva. This review systematically depicted the composition and biological functions of natural saliva and described in detail the rheological behavior, tribological properties, biological characteristics, and clinical application performance of artificial saliva to promote the development of novel artificial saliva.

Key words: saliva, artificial saliva, rheological behavior, tribological properties, biological characteristics, clinical application

中图分类号:

R333.1

甄亚斐, 彭显, 应斌武, 张平, 周学东, 廖玍. 人工唾液的研究进展[J]. 国际口腔医学杂志, 2024, 51(3): 353-361.

Yafei Zhen, Xian Peng, Binwu Ying, Ping Zhang, Xuedong Zhou, Ga Liao. Research progress on artificial saliva[J]. Int J Stomatol, 2024, 51(3): 353-361.

图/表 2

图 1

表 1

常见的人工唾液产品"

类别	产品名称	形态	成分
蛋白基	weltec ConCool保湿漱口水	漱口水	乳清蛋白（牛奶）、乳铁蛋白（牛奶）、甘草酸铵、人寡肽1、CPC、木糖醇
	weltec ConCool保湿凝胶	凝胶	乳清蛋白（牛奶）、乳铁蛋白（牛奶）、甘草酸铵、人寡肽1、木糖醇
	Xialine mundgel	凝胶	黏蛋白、黄原胶、CMC、聚丙烯酸、MC
	Xialine mundspray	喷雾	黏蛋白、黄原胶、CMC、聚丙烯酸、MC
	DenTek OraMoist^? dry mouth relief	漱口水	木糖醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、卡波姆、甘油三酯、柠檬香精、柠檬酸、碳酸钙、HPC、氯化钠、二氧化硅、硬脂酸镁、胭脂树红、葡萄糖氧化酶、溶菌酶、乳铁蛋白
	Saliva Orthana^?lubricating mouth spray	喷雾	黏蛋白、4-羟基苯甲酸甲酯、苯扎氯铵、木糖醇、薄荷油、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐
植物提取物基	bioXtra^? dry mouth oral gel	凝胶	山梨醇、麦芽糖醇、木糖醇、水、葡萄糖、HEC、溶菌酶、库拉索芦荟等
	dentaid xeros^? Gel	凝胶	甜菜碱、芦荟、木糖醇、氟化钠1 450?10^-6 g/mL
	Pigeon口腔保湿凝胶	凝胶	水、甘油、麦芽糖醇、卡拉胶、丙二醇（propylene glycol，PG）、苯甲酸钠、己二酸甘油、柠檬酸钠、木糖醇、月桂酸聚甘油、香精、茶叶提取物、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸钠，三乙酸酯
	Dent狮王口腔喷雾	喷雾	多谷氨酸（poly-γ-glutamic acid，γ-PGA，纳豆中提取）、薄荷醇、甘油、PG、PEG-60氢化蓖麻油、木糖醇、pH调节剂、香精、CPC
	Aequasyal^? spray buccal	喷雾	玉米油的氧化甘油三酯：94.4%、二氧化硅、香精
	medac GmbH	喷雾	木糖醇、植物性黏多糖
聚合物基	PreviDent^? 5000 Dry Mouth toothpaste	牙膏	质量分数为1.1%的氟化钠（处方）；水、山梨醇、水合二氧化硅、PG、甘油、PEG-40氢化蓖麻油、磷酸二钾、泊洛沙姆407、香精、甲基乙烯基醚和马来酸共聚物、黄原胶、苯甲酸钠、氢氧化钠、糖精钠、椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱、CPC、山梨酸钾、果胶
	GC Dry Mouth Gel	凝胶	聚甘油（双甘油）、纯净水、CMC、角叉菜胶、柠檬酸钠、香精、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯
	bioXtra^? dry mouth gel mouthspray	喷雾	水、麦芽糖醇、木糖醇、山梨醇、HEC、苯甲酸钠、羟苯甲酯钠、山梨酸钾、柠檬酸、羟苯丙酯钠、糖精钠、溶菌酶等
	bioXtra^? dry mouth mild toothpaste	牙膏	山梨醇、硅石、木糖醇、异鲸蜡醇聚醚-20、香精、HEC、水、纤维素胶、苯甲酸钠、糖精钠、葡糖氧化酶、溶菌酶等
	bioXtra^? dry mouth mild mouthrinse	漱口水	水、PG、木糖醇、苯甲酸钠、泊洛沙姆407、HEC、香精、溶菌酶、乙二胺四乙酸
	Biotène^? Oral Rinse	漱口水	水、甘油、木糖醇、山梨糖醇、PG、泊洛沙姆 407、苯甲酸钠、HEC、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、磷酸钠、磷酸二钠盐
	Biotène^? Moisturizing Spray	喷雾	水、甘油、木糖醇、PEG-60氢化蓖麻油、乙烯基吡咯烷酮-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、香精、苯甲酸钠、黄原胶、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、糖精钠、CPC
	Biotène^? Fluoride Toothpaste Fresh Mint Original	牙膏	水、山梨糖醇、水合二氧化硅、氟化钠、甘油、PEG-8、椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱、黄原胶、香精、糖精钠、三氯蔗糖、二氧化钛、氢氧化钠
	Biotène^? Oralbalance Moisturizing Gel	凝胶	甘油、水、山梨糖醇、木糖醇、卡波姆、HEC、氢氧化钠
	dentaid xeros^? mouthwash	漱口水	甜菜碱、木糖醇、0.05%氟化钠、尿囊素
	dentaid xeros^? Spray	喷雾	苹果酸、木糖醇、氟化钠226?10^-6 g/mL
	dentaid xeros^? toothpaste	牙膏	甜菜碱、木糖醇、氟化钠1 450?10^-6 g/mL、尿囊素
	Pigeon药用口腔保湿雾	喷雾	CPC、浓缩甘油、PG、麦芽糖醇溶液、木糖醇、甘油脂肪酸酯、柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠、氯化钠、苯甲酸钠
	Glandosane^? synthetic saliva	喷雾	CMC、钠、山梨糖醇、氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化镁、磷酸氢钾、二氧化硅
	Mouth Kote^?	喷雾	水、木糖醇、山梨糖醇、芳草地、柠檬酸、天然柠檬酸橙味、抗坏血酸、苯甲酸钠、糖精钠

表 1

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