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01 November 2025, Volume 52 Issue 6 Previous Issue   

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Expert Forum

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Application and experience of digital technology in complete denture restoration Zhihong Feng Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  701-712.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025102 Abstract ( 80 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF（pc） (7183KB) ( 58 )   Save With the rapid development of digital technology in stomatology, it has been increasingly applied in all aspects of complete denture restoration. With computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) as the core, digital technology integrating intraoral scanning, face scanning, 3D printing and computer numerical control cutting has brought great changes to the restoration process of full dentures. This paper discusses the attention and experience of the application of digital technology in complete denture restoration from five main links: the preliminary digital model of edentulous jaw, the record of preliminary law relationship, the design and production of individual tray complex, the master digital model of edentulous jaw and the acquisition of final jaw relationship, and the digital production of complete denture. Compared to traditional models that rely on experience and manual operation, digital technology has been able to improve the accuracy, predictability and efficiency of complete denture restoration, while reducing the number of visits and improving patient comfort and experience. However, the whole-process digitalization of complete denture restoration has not been realized at present, and the cross-fusion and clinical application of digital technology and complete denture restoration still face many problems that need to be standardized and further studied. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Cariology and Endodontics

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The formation mechanism, clinical diagnosis, and treatment strategies of ectopic enamel Shiya Wang,Guohua Yuan,Jing Zou Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  713-721.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025098 Abstract ( 45 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF（pc） (1382KB) ( 24 )   Save Ectopic enamel is a type of abnormal dental development, which can be divided into two categories: enamel pearls and cervical enamel projections. The formation of ectopic enamel may be related to ameloblasts in the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath and Malassez epithelial rest. Mechanical and genetic factors may also play a role in the formation of ectopic enamel. Radiographic examination can identify ectopic enamel, assess its condition, and guide clinical diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews the clinical characteristics, formation mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment strategies of ectopic enamel to provide references and a clinical basis for its diagnosis and treatment. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of acid-base resistant zone for dental hard tissue bonding interface Ruizhen Chen,Xing Jiang,Jiyuan Shen,Ling Lin,Zhiqiang Zheng,Jie Lin Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  722-729.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025092 Abstract ( 41 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF（pc） (1475KB) ( 29 )   Save Observation by scanning electron microscopy confirmed the existence of an acid-base resistant zone (ABRZ) beneath the hybrid layer at the dental bonding interface. The formation of this zone is related to the chemical reaction between acidic functional monomers and hydroxyapatite in dentin. Unlike the traditional hybrid layer, ABRZ is characterized by resin-encapsulated partially demineralized hydroxyapatite. This formation enhances the resistance of the bond interface to acid-base degradation and long-term bonding durability. Recent studies suggest that ABRZ forms more readily in self-etch adhesive systems. The structure of this zone is closely related to the chemical composition of the adhesive. In this review, the microstructure, influencing factors, and formation mechanism of ABRZ are summarized to provide insights for clinical and scientific research on dental bonding. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Management of bleeding in treatment of endodontics Shuang Chen,Shengyu Fu,Ling Ye,Chenglin Wang Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  730-737.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025068 Abstract ( 66 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF（pc） (844KB) ( 35 )   Save The treatment of pulp diseases is generally associated with a low risk of bleeding, and the management of bleeding is often neglected by dentists. However, the impact of poor bleeding control on local treatment cannot be ignored. Bleeding is caused by systemic factors, such as coagulation dysfunction or anticoagulant intake, and local factors, such as inflammatory state of the gingival and periodontal tissues, damage to the pulp and periapical tissues, and iatroge-nic injury. Commonly used methods for hemostasis are systemic drug management, local drug hemostasis, pressure hemostasis, chemical hemostasis, and suturing hemostasis, etc. Proper management of bleeding to reduce its impact on the treatment of pulp diseases needs to be considered in clinical practice. This article provides a review of the management of va-rious bleeding situations during non-surgical and surgical treatments of pulp diseases, from the perspectives of the dangers, causes, prevention, and treatment of bleeding. Results provide a reference for the clinical treatment of pulp diseases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in regenerative endodontics for traumatized immature permanent teeth Shuyang Zhang,Shunjiayi Hu,Linlong Qi,Xiaoyao Liang,Shuli Deng Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  738-747.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025065 Abstract ( 53 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF（pc） (874KB) ( 24 )   Save Trauma can easily lead to pulp necrosis and periapical periodontitis in immature permanent teeth, and the roots then stop developing. At this time, immature permanent teeth are characterized by open apical foramina, thin root canal walls, and short roots that affect their retention and function in the oral cavity. Regenerative endodontics is a treatment that can promote the continuous development of the roots of immature permanent teeth. This procedure has significant clinical significance in the healing of periapical lesions and the closure of apical foramina as well as in increasing the length of the roots and the thickness of the root canal walls. Although most studies reported a high success rate for this procedure, failure may occur, including persistent root resorption and persistent periapical inflammation. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of regenerative endodontics for traumatized immature permanent teeth in terms of the treatment process, biological rationale, clinical outcomes, and analysis of cases of treatment failure to provide theoretical basis for clinicians. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Orthodontics

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Factors influencing the efficiency of maxillary expansion in clear aligner orthodontic treatment Ziwei Tang,Yu Jin,Wenli Lai Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  748-754.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025086 Abstract ( 42 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF（pc） (2025KB) ( 12 )   Save Objective To assess the factors influencing the efficiency of maxillary expansion during clear aligner treatment (CAT). Methods A total of 54 nonextraction CAT patients undergoing maxillary expansion were selected. Baseline data were collected, and crown lengths were measured via cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A model overlap was used to measure the maxillary expansion efficiency and torque changes. Linear analysis was performed to identify factors influencing expansion efficiency. Results Single-factor linear analysis revealed that maxillary first-molar expansion efficiency was significantly influenced by age, root length, crown-root ratio, attachment design, designed and actual expansion amount, actual torque changes, and designed-actual torque changes (P<0.05). Stepwise multivariate linear ana-lysis identified the crown-root ratio, attachment design, and designed and actual expansion amount as significantly affec-ting maxillary first-molar expansion efficiency (P<0.05). Conclusion During CAT expansion treatment, to the focus should be on the patient’s crown-root ratio. Bilateral attachment design and careful consideration of expansion amount limits in treatment planning are crucial to enhancing patient expansion efficiency. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in the study of oral hygiene maintenance for orthodontic patients with oral irrigators Xinyu Wen,Mo Zhou,Ruolin Ding,Ruiyang Ren,Zhihe Zhao Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  755-763.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025091 Abstract ( 47 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF（pc） (879KB) ( 10 )   Save Orthodontic treatment is an effective intervention for the correction of malocclusion, contributing to improved masticatory function and facial aesthetics. However, the presence of orthodontic appliances can impede oral hygiene practices and elevate the risk of dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontal disease. Oral irrigators, a novel adjunctive oral hygiene tool, have gained popularity among orthodontic patients. This review summarizes the working principles and clinical application of oral irrigators, examines the unique oral hygiene challenges faced by orthodontic patients, and eva-luates the efficacy of oral irrigators in this population. Additionally, future directions for their use are discussed. Evidence suggests that oral irrigators, which employ pulsating water streams to disrupt plaque biofilms, are effective in reducing plaque accumulation and are particularly beneficial in areas that are difficult to access with traditional interdental brushes and dental floss. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and research progress of multimodal data fusion in orthodontics Jian Zhang,Xue Bai,Xiaoqian He,Zhenlin Ge Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  764-770.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025103 Abstract ( 50 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF（pc） (840KB) ( 24 )   Save With the advancement of digital technology, multimodal data fusion has been widely applied in orthodontics. This technology integrates patient clinical data, imaging data, oral scanning data, 3D facial scan data, biomechanical data, and electronic facial arch data to improve the accuracy of orthodontic diagnosis and the effectiveness of clinical treatment. This study aims to explore the current application status, potential value, challenges, and future development directions of multimodal data fusion in orthodontic research and clinical practice. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Original Articles

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Potential targets of compound Danshen dripping pill in the treatment of oral lichen planus based on network pharmacology and molecular docking Yizhi Zhang,Xueke Shi,Fanglong Wu,Hongmei Zhou Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  771-782.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025063 Abstract ( 40 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF（pc） (6070KB) ( 12 )   Save Objective This study aimed to forecast the potential targets of compound Danshen dripping pill (CDDP) in treating oral lichen planus OLP (OLP) via network pharmacology and molecular docking. Methods The active compounds and targets of CDDP were searched in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform. The disease targets of OLP were obtained from multiple databases, such as DisGeNET. A drug-compound-target network was constructed by intersecting the targets to screen the key active components. A protein-protein interaction network was also built by intersecting the targets to select the key ones. Target intersection was also applied for gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. The molecular docking and visualization of key active components and targets were also performed. Results A total of 469 drug-disease intersecting targets were found. The key active components were bornyl acetate, dan-shexinkum D, and danshenol A, and the key targets were protein kinase B (AKT1), E1A binding protein p300 (EP300), and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1). GO enrichment analysis indicated that the results of intersection targets included protein serine/threonine kinase activity, inflammatory response, signal transduction. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed various pathways such as cancer and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications. Molecular docking showed that the results of AKT1, Harvey rat sarcoma virus (HRAS), and the three key active components were all ≤-5.0 kcal/mol. Conclusion In OLP treatment, the active components of CDDP may participate in immune function, reduce oxidative stress, inhibit inflammation by acting on multiple targets such as AKT1 and HRAS, and regulate pathways including cancer and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Defining oral frailty based on Rodgers’ evolutionary concept analysis Xin Zeng,Sicheng Deng,Shuqi Huang,Yanru Chen,Fan Liu Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  783-790.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025083 Abstract ( 39 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF（pc） (1067KB) ( 10 )   Save Objective To analyze the attributes and connotations of oral frailty concept. Methods We systematically searched relevant literature published between January 2013 and November 2024 in CNKI, WanFang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases and analyzed them through Rodgers’ evolutionary concept analysis. Results Oral frailty went through phases of conceptual exploration, content enrichment, essence searching and refinement, including “age-related” and “with a center on the decline of oral function” attributes, and was predictive, intermediate, reversible, multidimensional, and overlapping. It was mostly measured via mastication, swallowing function, and oral motility. In addition, oral frailty was influenced by multiple factors and resulted in multiple adverse health outcomes in older adults. Conclusion Clarifying the attributes and connotations of oral frailty through conceptual analyses can provide a theoretical basis for conducting related research and is necessary to promote the effective management of such a condition. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Case Report

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A case report of gingival Epstein-Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Runyu Huang,Xiaoxian Zhao,Chunye Zhang,Ying Zhang,Yongmei Zhou,Lan Wu Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  791-797.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025104 Abstract ( 32 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF（pc） (3546KB) ( 11 )   Save Epstein-Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (EBV+ DLBCL) is a rare and aggressive type of B-cell lymphoma that typically occurs in elderly patients and is associated with a poor prognosis. It commonly affects extranodal sites such as the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and bone marrow. EBV+ DLBCL presenting with initial symptoms in the gingiva is extremely rare. Its similarity to EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU) in terms of pathology and immunophenotype makes definitive diagnosis challenging. In this work, we report a case initially diagnosed as EBVMCU but later confirmed as EBV+ DLBCL through lymphoma gene rearrangement technology. The clinical manifestations and pathological histological features of the patient are presented to enhance understanding of the disease and contribute to early diagnosis and treatment of such malignant diseases. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A case report of anterior diastema closure using direct composite restorations Huili Ning,Meijuan Cai,Fangli Tong Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  798-805.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025089 Abstract ( 47 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF（pc） (5442KB) ( 29 )   Save Diastemas between the anterior teeth are often considered a major aesthetic problem. In most cases, the treatment of these conditions involves direct composite resin restoration, veneers, crowns, orthodontic treatment, and a multidisciplinary approach. This article is a case report of a patient with diastema in the maxillary anterior teeth, corrected with direct composite resin with injection molding technique and a matrix with preformed anatomical contour, resulting in patient satisfaction. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Research progress on the relationship among oral microbiota, gut microbiota, and systemic diseases in children Hanguo Feng,Nanquan Rao,Xinyi Zeng,Siyuan Yu,Juan Liu Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  806-815.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025097 Abstract ( 37 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF（pc） (870KB) ( 22 )   Save The oral cavity is a gateway to the gastrointestinal tract. The relative abundance of common oral bacteria in the intestine of individuals with systemic diseases increases. The oral microbiota interact with the intestinal microbiota, which induces intestinal dysbiosis and intestinal mucosa damage. Compared with the oral and intestinal microbiota of adults, those of children are more sensitive to external stimuli, and they change dynamically with growth and development. Childhood may be the critical time for microbiota interventions to prevent diseases. This review discusses the establishment and development of oral and intestinal microbiota. The relationship between oral microbiota and intestinal microbiota in children with systemic diseases is also determined. This review offers new avenues for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on cold atmosphere plasma in oral tissue regeneration Lin Yao,Ling Zou,Xian Liu Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  816-822.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025064 Abstract ( 36 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF（pc） (778KB) ( 13 )   Save Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is an ionized gas that works under low temperatures and atmospheric pressure. It contains highly active reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, which play important roles in cell signaling, immune response, and other physiological processes. The application of CAP in stomatology has received increa-sing attention due to its excellent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-repairing abilities, which contribute to wound healing in the oral cavity. Furthermore, its surface modification ability can enhance the compatibility between dental tissues or implants and surrounding tissues. Therefore, CAP displays broad application prospects in the regeneration of oral soft and hard tissues, alleviation of oral disease symptoms, shortening of treatment course, and improvement of therapeutic effect. This article reviews the research progress on the utilization of CAP in oral tissue regeneration to provide a refe-rence for its clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of common restoration methods for missing teeth in patients with periodontitis Yuhuang Chen,Xing Liang,Ran Li Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  823-831.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025071 Abstract ( 47 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF（pc） (862KB) ( 35 )   Save Patients with periodontitis have damaged periodontium and a relatively unstable periodontal state, making the restoration of their missing teeth a difficult task. The risks and challenges brought by periodontitis of different stages to restorative work vary and thus must be clarified. Sufficient periodontal treatment preparation, grasping the restoration opportunity, and evaluating the retention value of the teeth before restorative treatment are also key factors affecting restoration success. Removable partial denture, fixed partial denture, and implant supported denture are often used to restore missing teeth in patients with periodontitis. This study reviews the clinical considerations and prognosis evaluation of prosthetic therapy in patients with periodontitis to provide theoretical basis for its clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the correlation between mental illness and periodontal diseases Yingying Lian,Lei Zhao Int J Stomatol. 2025, 52 (6):  832-838.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025099 Abstract ( 51 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF（pc） (765KB) ( 27 )   Save In recent years, with the rising pressure faced by people, mental health problems have become progressively conspicuous. The prevalence of mental illness has been increasing annually on a global scale, and its potential role in perio-dontal disease development has gradually attracted academic attention. Abnormal mental states can initiate various physiological responses, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis over-activation, autonomic nervous system imbalance, and immune system dysfunction. These responses are involved in the regulation of periodontal tissue health by affecting bone formation, bacterial virulence, vascular function, and immune responses. Furthermore, numerous studies have indicated that the use of psychotropic medications has a certain impact on periodontal health. However, current research on the relationship and mechanisms between the two remains limited. This study systematically elucidates the multifaceted mechanisms through which mental disorders regulate periodontal health via the neuro-endocrine-immune network. It also incorporates psychotropic medications into the therapeutic discourse on periodontal disease management. The findings aim to provide a theoretical foundation for developing interdisciplinary prevention and treatment strategies integrating mental and oral healthcare. References | Related Articles | Metrics