Abstract: Two mechanisms, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, can elucidate the neovascularization of pedicle flaps, in which angiogenesis contains endothelial sprouting, intussusceptive angiogenesis and revascularization. Some critical growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, play important roles in the neovascularizational mechanism of pedicle flaps. The roles mainly involve
formation of matrix, activation of endothelial cell, proliferation of endothelial cell, recruitment of pericyte and vascular smooth muscle cell, and formation of capillary network.