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01 March 2022, Volume 49 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Exploration and clinical application of artificial intelligence in orthognathic surgery Luo En Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  125-131.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022041 Abstract ( 1173 )   HTML ( 215 )   PDF（pc） (20714KB) ( 979 )   Save Orthognathic surgery is the most common treatment for malocclusion deformity. Orthognathic surgery has entered the digital stage, but it has many problems, such as complicated manual operation, low reproducibility, low efficiency, time consuming, and high error rate of manual design. Artificial intelligence is an effective method and research frontier to solve these problems. Our research team explored an algorithm model by artificial intelligence and established a software system for the diagnosis and surgical design for patients with malocclusion deformity. Relevant clinical trials were conducted to verify its feasibility and accuracy. The artificial intelligence software system for orthognathic surgery is expected to be applied to assist the diagnosis and treatment of dentofacial deformity. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Time variation trend of bacterial community in oral diagnosis and treatment environment Yang Jiazhen,Zhang Ying,Liu Yuhan,Li Fan,Zeng Fei,Li Xiuzhen,Ma Yuying,Yang Fang Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  132-137.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022017 Abstract ( 498 )   HTML ( 30 )   PDF（pc） (8601KB) ( 209 )   Save Objective This study aimed to explore the characteristics of bacterial community in oral diagnosis and treatment environment by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology and its changing trend with the increase of application time to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of oral diagnosis and treatment environment infection. Methods Three newly renovated dental clinics were selected, and environmental surface samples were collected before use (G1 group), 1 month after use (G2 group) and 3 months after use (G3 group). Then, the 16SrRNA V3-V4 region was sequenced using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology for the differential analysis of bacterial community structure and diversity. Results The species richness of G1 group was higher than that of G3 group (P<0.05), and a significant difference was observed in the colony structure among the three groups (P<0.05). The bacterial community mainly belonged to seven phyla, including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and the proportion of dominant phyla was relatively stable in different time groups (P>0.05). Seven potential pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, were detected in the top 30 bacterial genera in abundance, of which Escherichia-Shigella was significantly higher at 3 months of office use (P<0.05), while Pseudomonas was significantly lower (P<0.05). Conclusion The dental diagnosis and treatment environment shows rich bacterial diversity, and the colony structure is more similar with prolonged service cycle in the consultation room. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study of muscarinic receptors on the biological behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma through Yes related protein signal Jiang Han,Shen Yingqiang,Chen Qianming Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  138-143.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022016 Abstract ( 436 )   HTML ( 24 )   PDF（pc） (9190KB) ( 109 )   Save Objective This study aims to study the role and mechanism of muscarinic (m) receptors in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods The study involved a query on The Cancer Gene Atlas (TCGA) database of head and neck cancer and used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect the expression level of m receptor genes in OSCC cells. The m receptor agonist Carbachol was used to further study the proliferation of OSCC cells. Immunofluorescence was used to explore the influence of activated m receptor on the localization of Yes related protein (YAP) in OSCC cells. Results The expression of m receptor genes was different in HNSC. Specifically, chrm3 was highly expressed in HN4 and HN12 (P<0.05). The activation of m receptor can promote OSCC cell proliferation and invasion. Promoting the nuclear translocation of YAP may be the mechanism of m receptor. Conclusion The m receptors are essential for the occurrence and development of OSCC, and targeting m receptors may be a new strategy for the treatment of OSCC in the future. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dental arch morphology between patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate and patients with non-cleft lip and palate with a class Ⅲ skeletal relationship in mixed dentition stage: a comparative study Zhang Qi,Fan Cunhui,Yang Qian,Li Ran,Xu Xiaolin,Ding Wei,Wang Wenhui,Yang Caixiu Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  144-152.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022040 Abstract ( 463 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF（pc） (12180KB) ( 63 )   Save Objective To explore the dental arch morphology between patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and patients with non-cleft lip and palate with a classⅢskeletal relationship in mixed dentition stage. Methods The objects of study were 23 patients with skeletal classⅢUCLP and 23 patients with non-cleft skeletal class Ⅲ UCLP in mixed dentition stage who were enrolled as the experimental groups. The control group comprised 24 subjects of the same age with normal occlusion. Measurements were made for the width and length of the dental arch on the plaster model. SPSS 26.0 software was used for data analysis. Results 1) In the UCLP group, the width and length of the dental arch on the maxillary fissure side were smaller than those on the non-fissure side (P<0.01), but no statistical difference was found between the two sides in the skeletal classⅢgroup (P>0.05). 2) The width and length of the dental arch on the maxillary fissure side were less in the UCLP group than those in the skeletal group Ⅲ group while both were less in the former two experimental groups than those in the normal occlusion group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the length of the dental arch on the maxillary non-fissure side was less than that in the skeletal class Ⅲ group, which was less in the former two experimental groups than that in the normal occlusion group. In addition, no statistical difference was found in the width of the dental arch when compared with the skeletal class Ⅲ group in the remaining areas, except for the canine zone (P>0.05). 3) There was no significant difference in the width and length of the mandibular arch between the two experimental groups (P>0.05), which were both larger in the former two experimental groups than those in the normal occlusion group (P<0.05). Conclusion The maxillary arch of the patients with UCLP in the mixed dentition stage is narrower, shorter, and more asymmetric than that of patients with skeletal classⅢUCLP while no significant difference is found in the mandibular arch between the patients with UCLP and patients with skeletal classⅢUCLP in the same stage. It is recommended that individualized and targeted differential arch expansion be adopted for the treatment of patients with UCLP combined with crossbite and intraversion. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Features of condyles of adult patients with different vertical and sagittal skeletal facial types Han Jingwen,Ren Shiqi,Liu Xingyu,Lang Xin,Chu Mengshi,Waseem Saleh Abdo Kaid Algumaei,Zheng Yan Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  153-162.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022038 Abstract ( 1056 )   HTML ( 83 )   PDF（pc） (19303KB) ( 537 )   Save Objective This study aimed to explore the correlation between the skeletal facial types and features of condyles of adult patients and provide a reference for clinical treatments by measuring and analyzing the differences in the features of condyles of adult patients with different vertical and sagittal skeletal facial types. Methods A total of 180 adult patients with a normal temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were selected and divided into nine groups according to different vertical and sagittal skeletal types according to certain criteria, including ∠ANB, ∠MP-FH and ∠MP-SN, and 20 cases were included in each group. The following parameters were measured using Invivo6: the length axis diameter of the condyle; its short axis diameter; maximum cross-sectional area; neck width; upper height; height; ramus height; ante-rior, posterior, upper, and medial joint space; posterior angle of the articular tubercle; and fossa depth and width of all the samples. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 23.0 to compare the differences in measurement indices among the groups. Results The patients with a low angle had a larger condyle, a larger joint space, a deeper and narrower joint fossa, a more oblique articular tubercle, and a longer ramus, whereas the patients with a high angle had opposite findings. The patients in skeletal class Ⅲ had a larger condyle, a smaller joint space, a shallower and wider articular fossa, and a flatter articular tubercle. By contrast, the patients in skeletal Ⅱ class had opposite results. Conclusion Patients in skeletal Ⅱ class with a high angle and skeletal Ⅲ class with a low angle have typical condyles related to mandibular growth. Condyle features are correlated with vertical and sagittal skeletal facial types. Vertical skeletal facial types are more strongly associated with condyle features than sagittal skeletal facial types. In clinical treatments, further stu-dies should be performed on the condyle and its surrounding structures. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Low-level laser therapy for acceleration of fixed orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review and meta-analysis Guo Ziyuan,Chang Xiao,Han Kaifang,Zhang Xizhong Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  163-172.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022042 Abstract ( 659 )   HTML ( 23 )   PDF（pc） (7778KB) ( 183 )   Save Objective This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of low-level laser in promoting orthodontic tooth movement by systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods Studies were included after searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and VIP databases. Outcome indicators were divided into four groups according to the time of orthodontic tooth movement, namely, 1 week, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months. Data processing was performed on the volume of canine movement in different time periods as a continuous random variable. Traditional meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3, and the included studies were divided into three groups according to energy density parameters. Stata 15.0 software was used for network meta-analysis (NMA). Results The systematic review has been registered on Prospero’s website with registration number CRD42020175850. Twenty-four studies were finally included in the systematic evaluation, and 23 literatures were included in the meta-analysis. Conclusion Low-level laser therapy can promote orthodontic tooth movement at 1 week, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months. The energy density of 0-10 J·cm-2 was better than that of 10-25 J·cm-2 at 1, 2, and 3 months. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on imaging evaluation and treatment of anterior dilacerated teeth Ye Zelin,Liu Lu,Long Hu,You Meng Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  173-181.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022032 Abstract ( 1127 )   HTML ( 193 )   PDF（pc） (7198KB) ( 1059 )   Save Anterior dilaceration is one of the common sequelae after the dental trauma of primary teeth while the permanent anterior teeth are still growing. It is characterized by displacement of a tooth root from its normal alignment and diagnosed via radiographic data. With the improvement of examination methods, such as cone beam computed tomography, the disease has been detected more frequently and received increasing clinical attention. New thoughts and treatment methods have been reported. The treatment method depends on the degree of dilaceration, which varies among different individuals and requires accurate assessment. This article reviews the etiology, epidemiology, features, imaging evaluation, diagnostic methods, and treatment methods of anterior dilaceration to provide clinical reference. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Principle and application progress of real-time mandibular motion recording system Li Ruyi,Luo Feng,Wan Qianbing Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  182-189.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022031 Abstract ( 801 )   HTML ( 86 )   PDF（pc） (6806KB) ( 798 )   Save The traditional method of jaw relationship transfer only considers the static occlusal relationship and has difficulty in simulating the real-time chewing movement of patients in vitro. The real-time mandibular motion recording system records and reconstructs personalized mandibular motion in real time using a mandibular motion recorder and a computer-aided design software. Compared with traditional mechanical articulator, it has convenient operation, high accuracy, and long-term data storage. Besides, under the influence of 5th generation wireless systems, the real-time mandibular motion recording system further demonstrates its unique value and promotes the construction of virtual patients and telemedicine development. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in saliva-based detection of viral infectious biomarkers Yu Shuxing,Zou Jing,Li Yuqing Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  189-196.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022008 Abstract ( 515 )   HTML ( 41 )   PDF（pc） (1235KB) ( 287 )   Save Saliva has a variety of functions, such as cleansing, digestion, and bacterial inhibition. Its composition can be altered by infections, such as viruses. Saliva components can contain a variety of biomarkers of viral infections, such as DNA, RNA, antibodies, and antigens. With the breakthroughs in modern science and technology, the detection of va-rious biomarkers has made possible the utilization of saliva samples in aiding in the diagnosis of viral infections. With the advantages of non-invasive and easy access, saliva samples have gradually become a research hotspot in the field of viral infection detection. This article will review the research progress in this field. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the dentin bone repair material Li Yanfei,Zhang Xinchun Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  197-203.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022025 Abstract ( 671 )   HTML ( 56 )   PDF（pc） (1349KB) ( 369 )   Save Various events can cause oral bone loss, which results in the dysfunction of oral and maxillofacial area and difficulties in oral rehabilitation. Therefore, a new osteogenic material possesses excellent osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, biocompatibility, and absorbability. Dentin has been widely explored as a novel bone repair material, which can be obtained from a wide range of sources such as waste or impacted teeth. It shares the same neural crest embryonic origin with a maxillofacial bone and resembles each other in physiochemical characteristics, which give dentin a natural advantage to promote bone regeneration. Dentin is also a storage of various bioactive molecules and growth factors. A great number of animal studies have shown that dentin can induce bone regeneration. Numerous successful clinical outcomes of dentin have been reported when it is used in a variety of therapies. This review aims to introduce the bone formation mechanism, preparation procedure, and clinical application of dentin bone repair material and provide further theoretical basis for its use. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on extensive maxillary sinus pneumatization and its influencing factors Wu Xingsheng,Huang Di,Shi Lianshui Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  204-211.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022023 Abstract ( 4048 )   HTML ( 205 )   PDF（pc） (1371KB) ( 1214 )   Save The maxillary sinus is located in the maxillary bone. Since birth, its pneumatization has formed a cone-shaped cavity surrounded by multiple bone walls. Its inferior is adjacent to the posterior teeth of the maxillary and closely related. When the maxillary sinus is extensive pneumatization, the root apex of the posterior maxillary tooth is close to the maxillary sinus floor or even protruding into the maxillary sinus. It affects the diagnosis and treatment of the oral multidisciplinary field. The combined effect of congenital and acquired environmental factors influences the degree of maxillary sinus pneumatization, but the mechanism and exact influencing factors of extensive maxillary sinus pneumatization remain unclear. In this work, the anatomical characteristics of the maxillary sinus, the classification of maxillary sinus pneumatization, the relationship between the maxillary sinus pneumatization and the diagnosis and treatment of stomatology, and the related factors affecting the maxillary sinus pneumatization were reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for clinicians to understand maxillary sinus pneumatization, extensive pneumatization, and the mechanism of extensive maxillary sinus pneumatization. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of salivary proteins as predictive biomarkers for early childhood caries Zhu Jinyi,Fan Qi,Zhou Yuan,Zou Jing,Huang Ruijie Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  212-219.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022028 Abstract ( 583 )   HTML ( 42 )   PDF（pc） (1341KB) ( 306 )   Save The rapid progress of early childhood caries (ECC) and difficulty in early diagnosis have seriously affected the physical and mental health of children. Therefore, early prediction and preventive intervention for children at high risk are effective ways to control the disease. With the development of proteomics technology, salivary proteins are showing strong advantages for disease prediction and early diagnosis. Recent studies have shown that salivary proteins regulate the oral microecological environment through a variety of natural defense mechanisms and play an important role in ECC prevention. Salivary protein levels are associated with the host’s susceptibility to dental caries and are a potential predictor for caries risk. This review summarizes the mechanism of how different salivary proteins, including antimicrobial peptides, glycoproteins, enzymes, and immunoglobulins, influence ECC, as well as the research progress of how salivary proteins are used in disease prediction as biomarkers. On this basis, the application of salivary proteins in ECC risk assessment was prospected. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on serum-free culture methods of human dental pulp stem cells and cell characterization Fu Hengyi,Wang Chenglin Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  220-226.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022033 Abstract ( 482 )   HTML ( 25 )   PDF（pc） (1323KB) ( 265 )   Save Human dental pulp stem cells are a principal source in regenerative medicine. They have a property of multidirectional differentiation and have been used to treat various diseases, including type 1 diabetes and nervous system di-sease. Stem cells in dental pulp must be expanded in vitro to meet clinical needs. Conventional in vitro amplification me-thods require the use of medium supplemented with foetal bovine serum. However, serum-free culture methods are recommended because of the ethical and safety issues of fetal bovine serum. This review describes the composition of serum-free medium, the methods of cultivating human dental pulp stem cells and the characteristics of the cultured cells and o-ther related applications. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advances on jaw stability and influencing factors in surgery-first approach Yang Yunqi,Lin Yangyang,Hou Min Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  227-232.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022014 Abstract ( 547 )   HTML ( 51 )   PDF（pc） (1345KB) ( 360 )   Save As the current mainstream mode, the traditional orthognathic surgical treatment model includes three perio-ds: presurgical orthodontic preparation, orthognathic surgery and postsurgical orthodontic procedure. However, this model has the problems of long treatment time, deterioration of the patient’s masticatory function and lateral appearance during the preoperative orthodontic period and so on. In recent years, many case studies have been reported at home and abroad, which shortens or omits presurgical orthodontic time. This new treatment is called surgery-first approach (SFA). Compared with the conventional treatment mode, SFA shortens the overall treatment time and improves facial aesthetics immediately after surgery. Therefore, SFA is more in line with the treatment needs of adult orthognathic patients. Meanwhile, the bone and teeth moved after surgery are more conducive to the movement of teeth. However, the jaw stability of patients after orthognathic surgery and the influencing factors are the main issues that need to be considered in clinical applications of surgery-first approach. This article reviews the jaw stability and its relationship to transitional occlusion, surgical design and orthodontic treatment under surgery-first approach. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influencing factors of aesthetic prosthesis performance of monolithic zirconia crowns Zeng Fang,Wang Jian Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  233-238.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022035 Abstract ( 921 )   HTML ( 171 )   PDF（pc） (1305KB) ( 827 )   Save Monolithic zirconia crowns fabricated by computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacturing equipment possess extraordinary mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility. Unlike traditional zirconia crowns, monolithic zirconia crowns eliminate the veneering ceramic layer’s need, which reduces the risk of veneering ceramic chipping and the required tooth reduction. Traditional zirconia is poor in aesthetic performance because of its inherent whitish color and high opacity. Recently, improved translucency and various coloring technologies have dramatically improved the aesthetic performance of monolithic zirconia crowns and vastly broadened the range of its applications in prosthetic dentistry. However, the final prosthesis performance of monolithic zirconia crowns is often affected by various clinical parameters, such as dental background, dental crown thickness, cement, surface finishing protocols and low-temperature degradation. This paper reviewed the factors influencing the aesthetics of monolithic zirconia crowns to assist the selection of monolithic zirconia crowns for dentists. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advances on oral manifestation of hypophosphatasia Xie Yongting,Huang Ruijie,Zou Jing Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  239-243.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022036 Abstract ( 970 )   HTML ( 111 )   PDF（pc） (1293KB) ( 648 )   Save Hypophosphatasia is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder caused by loss-of-function mutation in the alkaline phosphatase gene, which encodes the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase, leading to the accumulation of inorganic pyrophosphate in extracellular and impaired mineralisation of bones and teeth. The clinical manifestations range from premature tooth loss to systemic skeletal dysplasia. This article will start with the research about oral manifestation of patients with hypophosphatasia and review the progress of its classification, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, which aims to provide reference for dentists to diagnose hypophosphatasia early, provide appropriate treatment to patients and improve their survival and quality of life. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the relationship between new anti-inflammatory factor developmental endothelial locus-1 and periodontitis Jiang Duan,Shen Daonan,Zhao Lei,Wu Yafei Int J Stomatol. 2022, 49 (2):  244-248.  DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2022019 Abstract ( 373 )   HTML ( 26 )   PDF（pc） (1200KB) ( 515 )   Save Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease. As initial factors of periodontitis, plaque microorganisms and their products can destroy periodontal tissue directly and indirectly affect the process of periodontitis by affecting host immune response. Developmental endothelial locus-1(DEL-1) is a secretory multi-domain protein that regulates different stages of host inflammatory response according to its expression location. DEL-1 is involved in the regulation of neutrophil recruitment at the initial stage of periodontitis and can induce inflammation resolution, which can inhibit alveolar bone resorption and promote new bone formation. This article reviews the research on the role of new anti-inflammatory factor DEL-1 in the regulation of periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics